EXAMPLE: A line is required to provide 20 L/s of water from a dam to a high level storage tank located 5000 m away. The tank has a maximum water elevation of 100 m and the minimum water elevation in the dam is 70 m. The maximum flow velocity is required to be limited to 1.0 m/s to minimize water hammer effects. D=180 mm) RL 100m Storage Tank Max Level of Tank 90° Elbow- Maximum difference in water level 30m Gate 90° Valve Gate Square Outlet Pump Valve 2x90° 45° Elbow Elbow Elbows RL 70m 5,000m Min Level of Dam of Vinidex PE Pipe 45° Elbow Hinged Disc Foot Valve Reflux Valve with Strainer

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Open Channel Flow

Open channel flow is a branch of fluid mechanics. It deals with the flow of fluid in an open conduit or free surface. In an open channel flow, gravity induces the flow of water whose surface is open to the air. This flow is free-falling rather than confined in rigid body conduits. The open channel flow depends upon two parameters that are the cross-section of the conduit and the velocity profile. Practical examples of open channel flow are streams, rivers, canals, and other drainage systems.In open channel flow, the cross-sectional area of at least one of the sides is exposed to air, and the surface of water faces atmospheric pressure. This flow is also known as free gravity flow. The cross-sectional area of the conduit can be either man-made or a natural channel. For instance, the flow in rivers and streams are natural conduits, and the flow in a canal and sanitary systems are man-made or engineered channels.