EXAMPLE 4.1: RATIO OF CLEAR AREA TO TOTAL AREA • A bar rack has 30 parallel bars equally spaced in a chamber. The clear spacing is 25 mm. The width of the bars is 12 mm. The water depth in the channel upstream of the rack is 1.5 m. Calculate the width of the chamber and the ratio of the clear area to total screen area.

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Field applications of hydraulic conductivity

Hydraulic conductivity is one of the hydraulic properties of soil defined as a measurement of the ability of a porous medium to permit water movement or fluid flow through it. It is denoted by the letter K. It is influenced by the density and viscosity of the fluid. It is also called permeability. Hydraulic conductivity is defined as the ratio of velocity to the hydraulic gradient. The different methods used to determine the hydraulic conductivity are laboratory methods (constant head permeability tests and falling head tests), in-situ field methods (pumping in and pumping out tests), small scale field tests (infiltration tests and slug tests), and indirect methods such as estimation from grain size, consolidation test data, and horizontal capillary test. The pedotransfer function (PTF) method is a specific empirical estimating approach employed in the soil sciences is also used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the soil.