EX2 1.5* The consequences of a head-on collision of two automobiles can be studied by considering the impact of the automobile on a barrier, as shown in Fig. 1.65. Construct a mathematical model by considering the masses of the automobile body, engine, transmission, and suspen- sion and the elasticity of the bumpers, radiator, sheet metal body, driveline, and engine mounts. FIGURE 1.65 An automobile colliding with a barrier.

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Strain energy

The term strain indicates the variation in an object's length, area, and volume when the object is subjected to an external force. The external force may be of normal, shear, moment, torque, etc. The strain in an object depends on the types of external force and cross-section of the object. Mathematically, the evaluation of strain can be obtained with the help of elastic constants.