Estimate the group efficiency of a 4 X 6 pile group, consist- ing of 400 mm diameter concrete piles at 1.2 m center-to- center spacing using a. the Converse-Labarre equation b. the Los Angeles Group Action equation

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.