Establishment of Beginning of the lytic pathway the lysogenic state cro protein inhibits transcription from PL and PRM- cro protein also inhibits PR. but only after transcription of the 10, P, and O genes has occurred. cll activates transcription from Pand PRE- cll ll cro int xis cll N cl cго cllo P о int xis clll NV cl cro cll O P Q Pi PR PRE OR tRI OL Рем tr2 PR PRE OR tRI OL Рем t PL ti PL tp2 Maintenance of cl (the à repressor) inhibits the lysogenic state P and PR but activates PRM- -a repressor Activates PRM Expression of phage genes shown in tan in Figure 18.7 leads to the synthesis of new phages and bacterial cell lysis. Inhibits P Inhibits PR int xis cll NV c/ cro cll O P Q Pi PR PRE tr2 OL OR tRI PRM (a) Lysogenic cycle (b) Lytic cycle FIGURE 18.10 Phage 2 gene regulation during the lysogenic and lytic cycles. (a) Gene regulation pattern that leads to the lysogenic cycle. (b) Steps that lead to the lytic cycle.

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Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.