enme solt bau and P) or ray require their release. The inai key mechanism to couple ATP hydrolysis to a erlains to the trigger for ATP hydrolysis. ft is critical that ydrolyze ATP until a desired complex is assern- of a particular complex triggers ATP nloader, this complex is the lamp loader, and cn example below, what will be the result after replication if not repaired? Also note if it results in a transition or transversion: a. wever, m ponent sofutie somples ra C.G base pair, an adenine tautomer is placed across from the cytosine during replication ra HA base pair, the adenine undergoes tautomerization prior to replication C. maTA base pair, 5-bromouracil is incorporated across from an adenine prior to replication d. in an A:T base pair, oxoG is placed across from the A during replication Why is MutT so important? What occurs in cells lacking this enzyme? pugh omer 33. How does DNA polymerase proofreading specifically recognize mispairs (by what mechanism)? clam iding clam e DN. 34. Define the roles of each in mismatch repair: MutS, Mutl., and MutH, exonuclease g se 35. How does E. coli distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? emo ders e ti Thi 36. How do human cells distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 37. What are the steps of base excision repair? Where does the glycosylase cleave? rer fra 38. Why does the OxoG failsafe system lead to more ATEDCG than CGeDOAT transversions? ne пр vi 39. What are the steps of nucleotide excision repair in bacteria? Why are the bacterial proteins in this pathway named "UV" ánd human proteins "XP"? 40. Which repair system is tightly coupled to transcription? Why is it important to repair damage sensed by RNA polymerase quickly? 41. What is translesion DNA synthesis and when is it used? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair SSDNA or dsDNA? 42. What are the steps of homologous recombination repair? Which proteins are involved in searching for homologous sequences and how do they function? 43. What are the steps of nonhomologous end joining? 44. When is NHEJ used as a mechanism for DNA repair? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair SSDNA or dsDNA? 45. Describe the general steps needed for a cell to become cancerous. 46. How do mutations and chromosomal abnormalities affect proteins and lead to disease? 47. What role do cell cycle checkpoints have in cancer? 48. Define a tumor suppressor apd oncogene and give an example of each. 49. Define the role of ATM in the cell and cancer. Upon/DNA damage, ATM decides whether to activațe HRR or NHEJ. Which is preferred and why?