Ecologists mapped a large Canadian forest plot dominated the Douglas fir, with an understory of western hemlock and western red cedar. The two-way table below records all 2,050 trees in the plot by species and life stage. Sapling trees (young trees shorter than 1.3 meters) are indicative of the future of the forest. Test the relationship between species and life stage. What proportion of trees would you expect of be saplings if the null hypothesis was true? Also what would be the null and alternative hypothesis? How many western red cedars would you expect to be saplings if the null hypothesis was true?

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Estimation

A new framework of data analysis where the new statistical methods are used for interpreting the results and analyzing the data is known as estimation in statistics.