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Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College Tax Soil Infiltration Soil Health-Guides for Educators USDA NRCS United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Comervation Soil infiltration refers to the ability of the soil to allow water to move into and through the soil profile. Infiltration allows the soil to temporarily store water, making it available for use by plants and soil organisms. The infiltration rate is a measure of how fast water enters the soil, typically expressed in inches per hour. For initial in-field assessments; however, it is more practical to express the infiltration rate as the minutes needed for a soil to absorb each inch of water applied to the surface. If the rate is

Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College Tax Soil Infiltration Soil Health-Guides for Educators USDA NRCS United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Comervation Soil infiltration refers to the ability of the soil to allow water to move into and through the soil profile. Infiltration allows the soil to temporarily store water, making it available for use by plants and soil organisms. The infiltration rate is a measure of how fast water enters the soil, typically expressed in inches per hour. For initial in-field assessments; however, it is more practical to express the infiltration rate as the minutes needed for a soil to absorb each inch of water applied to the surface. If the rate is

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN:9780134746241
Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1LR
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What surface management practices affect the infiltration rate ? Be specific Use the the following photos to answer the question
Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College M soil Infiltration Soil Health-Guides for Educators for USDA NRCS United States Department of Agriculture Resources Conservation Service Soil infiltration refers to the ability of the soil to allow water to move into and through the soil profile. Infiltration allows the soil to temporarily store water, making it available for use by plants and soil organisms. The infiltration rate is a measure of how fast water enters the soil, typically expressed in inches per hour. For initial in-field assessments; however, it is more practical to express the infiltration rate as the minutes needed for a soil to absorb each inch of water applied to the surface. If the rate is too slow, it can result in ponding in level areas, surface runoff, and erosion in sloping areas and can lead to flooding or inadequate moisture for crop production. Sufficient water must infiltrate the soil profile for optimum crop production. Water that infiltrates through porous soils recharges groundwater aquifers and helps to sustain the base flow in streams. Unless properly managed, a high infiltration rate can lead to leaching of nitrate nitrogen or pesticides and loss of phosphorus from soils that have a high level of phosphorus. Management practices such as use of no-till cropping systems and use of high residue crops and cover crops can improve infiltration by increasing the soil organic matter content. Inherent Factors Affecting Soil Infiltration Soil texture, or the percentage of sand, silt, and clay in a soil, is the major inherent factor affecting infiltration. Water moves more quickly through the large ores in sandy soil than it does through the small pores in clayey soil, especially if the clay is compacted and has little or no structure or aggregation. Depending on the amount and type of clay minerals, some clayey soils develop cracks from shrinkage as they become dry. The cracks are direct conduits for water to enter the soils. Thus, clayey soils can have a high infiltration rate when dry and a slow rate when moist (cracks close). Clayey soils that do not crack have a slow infiltration rate unless they have a high content of iron oxide (red clayey soils) or they formed in volcanic ash. Management practices that improve soil organic matter content, soil aggregation, and porosity can improve infiltration. d-pa Management practices such as using diverse high-residue crops, maintaining residue on the soil surface, using cover crops, and managing equipment traffic to avoid compaction affect infiltration by minimizing surface crusting and compaction and increasing soil organic matter content and porosity. Unless the soil is protected by plant or residue cover, the direct impact of raindrops dislodges soil particles, resulting in runoff and erosion. The rainfall simulator in figure 1 shows that more runoff occurs where there is less residue on the surface, increasing the risk of erosion. Dislodged soil particles fill in the surface pores, contributing to the development of a surface crust, which restricts the movement of water into the soil. Equipment use, especially on wet soils, and tillage can result in compaction. Compacted or impervious soil layers have less pore space, which restricts water movement through the soil profile. 9 Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switch the Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021.
Transcribed Image Text:Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College M soil Infiltration Soil Health-Guides for Educators for USDA NRCS United States Department of Agriculture Resources Conservation Service Soil infiltration refers to the ability of the soil to allow water to move into and through the soil profile. Infiltration allows the soil to temporarily store water, making it available for use by plants and soil organisms. The infiltration rate is a measure of how fast water enters the soil, typically expressed in inches per hour. For initial in-field assessments; however, it is more practical to express the infiltration rate as the minutes needed for a soil to absorb each inch of water applied to the surface. If the rate is too slow, it can result in ponding in level areas, surface runoff, and erosion in sloping areas and can lead to flooding or inadequate moisture for crop production. Sufficient water must infiltrate the soil profile for optimum crop production. Water that infiltrates through porous soils recharges groundwater aquifers and helps to sustain the base flow in streams. Unless properly managed, a high infiltration rate can lead to leaching of nitrate nitrogen or pesticides and loss of phosphorus from soils that have a high level of phosphorus. Management practices such as use of no-till cropping systems and use of high residue crops and cover crops can improve infiltration by increasing the soil organic matter content. Inherent Factors Affecting Soil Infiltration Soil texture, or the percentage of sand, silt, and clay in a soil, is the major inherent factor affecting infiltration. Water moves more quickly through the large ores in sandy soil than it does through the small pores in clayey soil, especially if the clay is compacted and has little or no structure or aggregation. Depending on the amount and type of clay minerals, some clayey soils develop cracks from shrinkage as they become dry. The cracks are direct conduits for water to enter the soils. Thus, clayey soils can have a high infiltration rate when dry and a slow rate when moist (cracks close). Clayey soils that do not crack have a slow infiltration rate unless they have a high content of iron oxide (red clayey soils) or they formed in volcanic ash. Management practices that improve soil organic matter content, soil aggregation, and porosity can improve infiltration. d-pa Management practices such as using diverse high-residue crops, maintaining residue on the soil surface, using cover crops, and managing equipment traffic to avoid compaction affect infiltration by minimizing surface crusting and compaction and increasing soil organic matter content and porosity. Unless the soil is protected by plant or residue cover, the direct impact of raindrops dislodges soil particles, resulting in runoff and erosion. The rainfall simulator in figure 1 shows that more runoff occurs where there is less residue on the surface, increasing the risk of erosion. Dislodged soil particles fill in the surface pores, contributing to the development of a surface crust, which restricts the movement of water into the soil. Equipment use, especially on wet soils, and tillage can result in compaction. Compacted or impervious soil layers have less pore space, which restricts water movement through the soil profile. 9 Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switch the Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021.
tices affect the infiltration rease rat s of perennial forage plants also contribute ons Under average conditions in temperate s annually (2 percent for spring- planted row Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College Infiltration Management As soil moisture content increases, the infiltration rate decreases. Soil moisture is affected by evaporation, water use by plants, residue on surface and plant cover, irrigation, and drainage. Dry soils tend to have pores and cracks that allow water to enter faster. As ant u soil becomes wet, the infiltration rate slows to a steady rate based on how fast water can move through the saturated soil; the most restrictive layer, such as a compacted layer; or a dense clay layer. wfas ne ayer of sor Thel filt sp: th Co vdedunat did Vilsbigy! Bloe orll a abshua ent of beligg Relationship between Rainfall, Infiltration, and Runoff (Rainfall Rate > Infiltration Capacity) Infiltration rate=15 mm/h Infiltration capacity 15 mm/h georiq lo lo Rainfall rate 25 mm/h Surface sel numigo of shion runoff 10 mm/h gled bellups lly Figure 1.--Rainfall simulator. up storm eevom http://ftp.comet.ucar.edu/memory-stick/ hydro/basic_int/runoff/print.htm#page_1.0.0 nillini grillosits 10 no tib ©The COMET Program asia or ne Cribrisged Soil organic matter binds soil particles together into stable aggregates, increasing porosity and infiltration. Soils that have a high content of organic matter also provide good habitat for soil biota, such as earthworms. Soil biota increase pore space and create continuous pores that link the upper soil layer to subsurface layers. yer Long-term solutions for maintaining or improving soil infiltration include practices that increase organic matter content and aggregation and minimize runoff, disturbance, and compaction. A higher content of organic matter results in better soil aggregation and improved soil structure, increasing the soil infiltration rate. To improve the soil infiltration rate: วาว eubiast-ripid canevib pnieu as doua cooltong insineesh M tical inemqiupe pripns basa evo grative bos pritano soshua poisiminim Avoid soil disturbance and equipment use when the soils are wet. •Use equipment only on designated roads or between rows. •Limit the number of times equipment is used on a field. Rip subsoil to break up compacted layers. • Use a continuous, no-till cropping system. . Apply solid manure or other organic material. Use rotations that include high-residue crops, such as corn and small grain, and perennial crops, such as grass and alfalfa. 10 Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switch the Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021. t m
Transcribed Image Text:tices affect the infiltration rease rat s of perennial forage plants also contribute ons Under average conditions in temperate s annually (2 percent for spring- planted row Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College Infiltration Management As soil moisture content increases, the infiltration rate decreases. Soil moisture is affected by evaporation, water use by plants, residue on surface and plant cover, irrigation, and drainage. Dry soils tend to have pores and cracks that allow water to enter faster. As ant u soil becomes wet, the infiltration rate slows to a steady rate based on how fast water can move through the saturated soil; the most restrictive layer, such as a compacted layer; or a dense clay layer. wfas ne ayer of sor Thel filt sp: th Co vdedunat did Vilsbigy! Bloe orll a abshua ent of beligg Relationship between Rainfall, Infiltration, and Runoff (Rainfall Rate > Infiltration Capacity) Infiltration rate=15 mm/h Infiltration capacity 15 mm/h georiq lo lo Rainfall rate 25 mm/h Surface sel numigo of shion runoff 10 mm/h gled bellups lly Figure 1.--Rainfall simulator. up storm eevom http://ftp.comet.ucar.edu/memory-stick/ hydro/basic_int/runoff/print.htm#page_1.0.0 nillini grillosits 10 no tib ©The COMET Program asia or ne Cribrisged Soil organic matter binds soil particles together into stable aggregates, increasing porosity and infiltration. Soils that have a high content of organic matter also provide good habitat for soil biota, such as earthworms. Soil biota increase pore space and create continuous pores that link the upper soil layer to subsurface layers. yer Long-term solutions for maintaining or improving soil infiltration include practices that increase organic matter content and aggregation and minimize runoff, disturbance, and compaction. A higher content of organic matter results in better soil aggregation and improved soil structure, increasing the soil infiltration rate. To improve the soil infiltration rate: วาว eubiast-ripid canevib pnieu as doua cooltong insineesh M tical inemqiupe pripns basa evo grative bos pritano soshua poisiminim Avoid soil disturbance and equipment use when the soils are wet. •Use equipment only on designated roads or between rows. •Limit the number of times equipment is used on a field. Rip subsoil to break up compacted layers. • Use a continuous, no-till cropping system. . Apply solid manure or other organic material. Use rotations that include high-residue crops, such as corn and small grain, and perennial crops, such as grass and alfalfa. 10 Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switch the Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021. t m
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