Each of these brightly colored sticky notes represents a piece of information that someone doesn’t want to forget. Although we are all forgetful sometimes, most people do not have trouble remembering things that are important or routine to us, such as our friend’s name or how to get to class. Our brain, the control center of the nervous system and the rest of the body, normally allows us to retain and recall information. But if the brain becomes damaged, a person may need to rely excessively on external reminders — like this wall of sticky notes — rather than being able to trust their own memory. That is if they are able to remember to write things down in the first place. One person having trouble with their memory is Rosa, who is 68 years old. Rosa has been having difficulty remembering where she has set down objects in her house and forgot about a few doctor’s appointments and lunches she planned with friends. Her family began to notice that she would sometimes not recall recent conversations, requiring them to repeat things to her. Rosa would also sometimes struggle to find the right word in a conversation and would put objects in unusual places, such as the milk in a cabinet instead of the refrigerator. While most people do things like this occasionally, it seemed to Rosa and her family that it was happening to her more often recently. She also had some other symptoms that were impacting her life, such as having trouble paying her bills on time and managing her budget, which she had previously done well. Rosa ascribed these lapses in memory and mental functioning to the normal effects of aging, but her family was concerned. They noticed that she was also more irritable than usual and would sometimes verbally lash out at them, which was not like her. When she became disoriented on a walk around her neighborhood and a neighbor had to escort her home, her family convinced her to see a doctor. Besides a complete physical exam and lab tests, Rosa’s doctor interviewed Rosa and her family about her memory, ability to carry out daily tasks, and mood changes. He also administered a variety of tests to assess her memory and cognitive functioning, such as her ability to solve problems and use numbers and language correctly. Finally, he ordered a scan of her brain to investigate whether a tumor or some other observable cause was causing changes in the functioning of her brain. Based on the results of these tests, Rosa’s doctor came to the conclusion that she most likely has mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD results from abnormal changes in the molecules and cells of the brain, characterized by clumps of proteins called amyloid plaques between brain cells and tangled bundles of protein fibers called neurofibrillary tangles within certain brain cells. The affected brain cells stop functioning properly, lose their connections to other brain cells, and eventually will die. The picture below shows part of a cross-section of a brain from a patient who had severe AD compared to a similar section of a healthy brain. You can see how severely shrunken the brain with AD is, due to the death of many brain cells. AD is a progressive disease, which means the damage and associated symptoms get worse over time. Clinicians have categorized the progression into three main stages — mild, moderate, and severe AD. Typically, AD cannot be definitively diagnosed until after death when the brain tissue can be directly examined for plaques and tangles. However, based on Rosa’s symptoms and the results of her tests, her doctor thinks she most likely has mild AD, when the brain changes and resulting symptoms are not yet severe. Although there is currently no cure for AD, and Rosa will eventually get worse, her doctor says that medications and behavioral therapies may improve and prolong her functioning and quality of life over the next few years. He prescribes a medication that improves communication between brain cells, which has been shown to help some people with AD. 1. Based on Rosa’s symptoms, which parts of her brain may have been affected by Alzheimer’s disease? 2. How are messages sent between cells in the nervous system? What molecules are involved in this process? What are the ways in which drugs can alter this process? 3. Why can’t Rosa’s brain just grow new cells to replace the ones that have died?
Each of these brightly colored sticky notes represents a piece of information that someone doesn’t want to forget. Although we are all forgetful sometimes, most people do not have trouble remembering things that are important or routine to us, such as our friend’s name or how to get to class. Our brain, the control center of the nervous system and the rest of the body, normally allows us to retain and recall information. But if the brain becomes damaged, a person may need to rely excessively on external reminders — like this wall of sticky notes — rather than being able to trust their own memory. That is if they are able to remember to write things down in the first place.
One person having trouble with their memory is Rosa, who is 68 years old. Rosa has been having difficulty remembering where she has set down objects in her house and forgot about a few doctor’s appointments and lunches she planned with friends. Her family began to notice that she would sometimes not recall recent conversations, requiring them to repeat things to her. Rosa would also sometimes struggle to find the right word in a conversation and would put objects in unusual places, such as the milk in a cabinet instead of the refrigerator. While most people do things like this occasionally, it seemed to Rosa and her family that it was happening to her more often recently.
She also had some other symptoms that were impacting her life, such as having trouble paying her bills on time and managing her budget, which she had previously done well. Rosa ascribed these lapses in memory and mental functioning to the normal effects of aging, but her family was concerned. They noticed that she was also more irritable than usual and would sometimes verbally lash out at them, which was not like her. When she became disoriented on a walk around her neighborhood and a neighbor had to escort her home, her family convinced her to see a doctor.
Besides a complete physical exam and lab tests, Rosa’s doctor interviewed Rosa and her family about her memory, ability to carry out daily tasks, and mood changes. He also administered a variety of tests to assess her memory and cognitive functioning, such as her ability to solve problems and use numbers and language correctly. Finally, he ordered a scan of her brain to investigate whether a tumor or some other observable cause was causing changes in the functioning of her brain.
Based on the results of these tests, Rosa’s doctor came to the conclusion that she most likely has mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD results from abnormal changes in the molecules and cells of the brain, characterized by clumps of proteins called amyloid plaques between brain cells and tangled bundles of protein fibers called neurofibrillary tangles within certain brain cells. The affected brain cells stop functioning properly, lose their connections to other brain cells, and eventually will die. The picture below shows part of a cross-section of a brain from a patient who had severe AD compared to a similar section of a healthy brain. You can see how severely shrunken the brain with AD is, due to the death of many brain cells.
AD is a progressive disease, which means the damage and associated symptoms get worse over time. Clinicians have categorized the progression into three main stages — mild, moderate, and severe AD. Typically, AD cannot be definitively diagnosed until after death when the brain tissue can be directly examined for plaques and tangles. However, based on Rosa’s symptoms and the results of her tests, her doctor thinks she most likely has mild AD, when the brain changes and resulting symptoms are not yet severe.
Although there is currently no cure for AD, and Rosa will eventually get worse, her doctor says that medications and behavioral therapies may improve and prolong her functioning and quality of life over the next few years. He prescribes a medication that improves communication between brain cells, which has been shown to help some people with AD.
1. Based on Rosa’s symptoms, which parts of her brain may have been affected by Alzheimer’s disease?
2. How are messages sent between cells in the nervous system? What molecules are involved in this process? What are the ways in which drugs can alter this process?
3. Why can’t Rosa’s brain just grow new cells to replace the ones that have died?
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