Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
Draw all possible structural (constitutional and cis-trans) isomers in bond-line presentations for the following compounds:
A) C4H9Br (4 isomers)
B) C3H7N (non cyclic compounds only) (at least 8 isomers including stereoisomers).
C) C2H4F2 (not that many possibilities)
D) C4H10O (7 isomers)
E) C3H6O (compounds with single bonds only) (3 isomers)
F) F2CCH2 (pay attention that the connectivity in this compound is already defined)
G) C2H2Br2 (3 isomers including stereoisomers)
Constitutional (or Structural) Isomerism: Constitutional isomerism occurs when molecules with the same molecular formula have different arrangements of atoms or different connectivity. These isomers have different structural or constitutional arrangements.
Cis-Trans (or Geometric) Isomerism: Cis-trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism, occurs when molecules with double bonds or rings have different spatial arrangements of substituent groups around those bonds or within the rings. "Cis" refers to similar groups on the same side of the bond, while "trans" refers to similar groups on opposite sides
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