Donald is a 62-year-old male who has been experiencing frequent urination and has had trouble starting to urinate for several weeks. He has a family history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Donald’s BMI is 29; he occasionally drinks alcohol and coffee; and his diet consists mainly of red meat, starches, and dairy products. Just yesterday, he had an episode of incontinence and decided to seek care immediately. Donald was referred to a urologist who suspected that his prostate was the cause of his urinary issues. If Donald is diagnosed with prostate cancer, his treatment will depend on the stage of the cancer. Which of the following is true?   Early stages of cancer are always metastatic.   Cancer staging is measure by three factors- tumor size and location, lymph node involvement, and metastasis.   Prostate cancer that involves lymph nodes is the earliest stage of cancer.   Tumors that are classified as T1 always cause urinary symptoms.

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