States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
![Certainly! The image contains a chemical equation that can be used to illustrate a reaction between two aqueous solutions. Here’s the transcription and explanation:
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**Chemical Reaction:**
\[\_\_ \, \text{HNO}_3(\text{aq}) + \_\_ \, \text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3(\text{aq}) \rightarrow\]
**Explanation:**
This represents an unbalanced chemical equation involving nitric acid (HNO₃) and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), both in aqueous form. The reaction typically results in the formation of products such as sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), water (H₂O), and carbon dioxide (CO₂). The underscores indicate that stoichiometric coefficients are needed to balance the equation.
**Balancing Tip:**
1. **Identify Products:** When HNO₃ reacts with Na₂CO₃, the products are typically NaNO₃, H₂O, and CO₂.
2. **Balance Elements:** Ensure the number of atoms for each element is equal on both sides of the equation.
3. **Adjust Coefficients:** Use coefficients to balance oxygen and hydrogen atoms last.
Example balanced equation:
\[ 2 \, \text{HNO}_3(\text{aq}) + \text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3(\text{aq}) \rightarrow 2 \, \text{NaNO}_3(\text{aq}) + \text{H}_2\text{O}(l) + \text{CO}_2(g) \]
This equation demonstrates a typical acid-carbonate reaction, resulting in the formation of a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas. Understanding how to balance such equations is fundamental in chemistry education.
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Answer:
Complete ionic equation is the representation of chemical reaction in which all the ions and species present in the reaction are shown while in net ionic equation spectator ions and species are not mentioned.
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