Enzyme kinetics
In biochemistry, enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysis is the addition of a catalyst to a chemical reaction to speed up the pace of the reaction. Catalysis can be categorized as either homogeneous or heterogeneous, depending on whether the catalysts are distributed in the same phase as that of the reactants. Enzymes are an essential part of the cell because, without them, many organic processes would slow down and thus will affect the processes that are important for cell survival and sustenance.
Regulation of Enzymes
A substance that acts as a catalyst to regulate the reaction rate in the living organism's metabolic pathways without itself getting altered is an enzyme. Most of the biological reactions and metabolic pathways in the living systems are carried out by enzymes. They are specific for their works and work in particular conditions. It maintains the best possible rate of reaction in the most stable state. The enzymes have distinct properties as they can proceed with the reaction in any direction, their particular binding sites, pH specificity, temperature specificity required in very few amounts.
Distinguish between tolerance range and optimal range.
 alt="What determines the size of a population and where a particular species on
and does live? The answer to this is important if we are to live sustainably
flourish. Other conditions may lead to a species' decline or even extinctine
in our environment. Ideal biotic and abiotic conditions allow a species to
population. Limiting factors may be biotic, such as the availability of food
Biotic and Abiotic Influences
on Ecosystems
a
Both abiotic and biotic factors determine where a species can live
limiting factor is any factor that places an uPper limit on the size of a
or abiotic, such as access to water. Human influences often act as
factors,
limiting
Influence of Abiotic Factors
Abiotic factors such as temperature, light, and soil can influence a speciel
ability to survive. Every species is able to survive within a range of cachef
these factors. This range is called the species tolerance range (Figure 1i
Near the upper and lower limits of the tolerance
experience stress. This will reduce their health and their rate of growth ane
reproduction. Within a species' tolerance range is an optimal range, withis
which the species is best adapted. The largest and healthiest populations
of a species will occur when conditons are within the optimal range. Each
species has a tolerance range for every abiotic factor.
range.
individuals
tolerance ae
tigh
peulation
low
population population
population populahon
low
Abictic factor
high
Figure 1 Species can be successful over a range of abiotic conditions, However, they will be
stressed and will die out if oonditions excoed their tolerance limits.
Some species have wide tolerance ranges, while others have much
narrower ranges. Species with broad tolerance ranges will tend to
be
widely distributed and may easily invade other ecosystems, For exampe
buckthorn, a small tree native to Europe, has become widespread
over
much of southern and central Ontario due to its broad tolerance range.
Conversely, the showy lady's-slipper orchid has a narrow tolerance rang
It is found only in specific types of wetlands.
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