Discuss the following curve which presents the results of standards consistence of cement using Vicat apparatus with height of 40 mm for the * ?mould. Which w/c gives the standard consistency 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 w/c Penetration from the top (mm)

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.