Determine the total dead load (in kPa) of the following different types of slab if the weight of floor finish including bottom plaster is 1.2 kPa and super-imposed dead load of 0.20 kPa. Show sketch of slab cross section. b. 500mm depth of pan and 100mm thick slab with 250 rib width having 0.75m clear spacing.

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Budget Estimating

The term budget signifies a plan over the long run, generally, a year that covers the financial expenses and revenues of any organization. This budget plan is known to estimate the growth and success of any organization. Civil engineering companies utilize project budgets for estimating project costs, construction costs, and other direct and indirect costs related to the project being undertaken. Project budget is a detailed statistical tool primarily used by project managers to estimate the overall project cost. The project budget is in the form of a document that includes all the costs which are incurred during the project undertaking and after the completion of the project. Large commercial projects have the project budget estimate in the form of large detailed pieces of documents which include every cost estimate regarding man and materials. Labor costs, material procurement costs, construction costs, and operational costs are some of the costs that are incurred during the project execution and planning phase.