Determine the spacing of shear reinforcement (S) between stirrups in reinforced concrete beam. Assume: Ultimate shear force Vu= 400 kN, bxd = 300x600 mm, fc' = 25 N/mm², fy = 350 N/mm² Ø=0.75, diameter of stirrups 12 mm. 153000

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.