determine if the following is a valid deduction rule: P -> Q    -|  Q __________ ∴         -|P make a truth table

(Statistics) This is the formula for the standard normal deviate, z, used in statistical applications: z=(X)/ X is a single value. refers to an average value. refers to a standard deviation. Using this formula, you need to write a program that calculates and displays the value of the standard normal deviate when X=85.3,=80,and=4. a. For this programming problem, how many outputs are required? b. How many inputs does this problem have? c. Determine a formula for converting input items into output items. d. Test the formula written for Exercise 7c, using the data given in the problem.

(Civil eng.) Write an assignment statement to determine the maximum bending moment, M, of a beam, given this formula: M=XW(LX)L X is the distance from the end of the beam that a weight, W, is placed. L is the length of the beam.

Mark the following statements as true or false: a. To use a predefined function in a program, you need to know only the name of the function and how to use it. (1) b. A value-returning function returns only one value. (2, 3) c. Parameters allow you to use different values each time the function is called. (2, 7, 9) d. When a return statement executes in a user-defined function, the function immediately exits. (3, 4) e. A value-returning function returns only integer values. (4) f. A variable name cannot be passed to a value parameter. (3, 6) g. If a C++ function does not use parameters, parentheses around the empty parameter list are still required. (2, 3, 6) h. In C + + , the names of the corresponding formal and actual parameters must be the same. (3, 4, 6) i. A function that changes the value of a reference parameter also changes the value of the actual parameter. (7) j. Whenever the value of a reference parameter changes, the value of the actual parameter changes. (7) k. In C++, function definitions can be nested; that is, the definition of one function can be enclosed in the body of another function. (9) l. Using global variables in a program is a better programming style than using local variables, because extra variables can be avoided. (10) m. In a program, global constants are as dangerous as global variables. (10) n. The memory for a static variable remains allocated between function calls. (11)

(Civil eng.) Write an assignment statement to calculate the linear expansion in a steel beam as a function of temperature increase. The formula for linear expansion, l, is as follows: l=l0(1+(TfT0)) l0isthelengthofthebeamattemperatureT0.isthecoefficientoflinearexpansion.Tfisthefinaltemperatureofthebeam.

When you perform arithmetic operations with operands of different types, such as adding an int and a float, ____________. C# chooses a unifying type for the result you must choose a unifying type for the result you must provide a cast you receive an error message

1. Mark the following statements as true or false. a. An identifier must start with a letter and can be any sequence of characters. (1) b. In C++, there is no difference between a reserved word and a predefined identifier. (1) c. A C++ identifier cannot start with a digit. (1) d. The collating sequence of a character is its preset number in the character data set. (2) e. Only one of the operands of the modulus operator needs to be of type int. (3) f. If ; and ;, then after the statement ; the value of b is erased. (6) g. If the input is 7 and x is a variable of type int, then the statement ; assigns the value 7 to x. (6) h. In an output statement, the newline character may be a part of the string. (10) i. In C++, all variables must be initialized when they are declared. (7) j. In a mixed expression, all the operands are converted to floating-point numbers. (4) k. Suppose . After the statement ; executes, y is 5 and x is 6. (9) i. Suppose . After the statement ; executes, the value of a is still 5 because the value of the expression is not saved in another variable. (9)

When you borrow money to buy a house, a car, or for some other purpose, you repay the loan by making periodic payments over a certain period of time. Of course, the lending company will charge interest on the loan. Every periodic payment consists of the interest on the loan and the payment toward the principal amount. To be specific, suppose that you borrow $1,000 at an interest rate of 7.2% per year and the payments are monthly. Suppose that your monthly payment is $25. Now, the interest is 7.2% per year and the payments are monthly, so the interest rate per month is 7.2/12 = 0.6%. The first months interest on $1,000 is 1000 0.006 = 6. Because the payment is $25 and the interest for the first month is $6, the payment toward the principal amount is 25 6 = 19. This means after making the first payment, the loan amount is 1,000 19 = 981. For the second payment, the interest is calculated on $981. So the interest for the second month is 981 0.006 = 5.886, that is, approximately $5.89. This implies that the payment toward the principal is 25 5.89 = 19.11 and the remaining balance after the second payment is 981 19.11 = 961.89. This process is repeated until the loan is paid. Write a program that accepts as input the loan amount, the interest rate per year, and the monthly payment. (Enter the interest rate as a percentage. For example, if the interest rate is 7.2% per year, then enter 7.2.) The program then outputs the number of months it would take to repay the loan. (Note that if the monthly payment is less than the first months interest, then after each payment, the loan amount will increase. In this case, the program must warn the borrower that the monthly payment is too low, and with this monthly payment, the loan amount could not be repaid.)

(Modify) Rewrite the following programs to conform to good programming practice and correct syntax: a. #include using namespace std; int main( ){ cout << “The time has come” ; return 0;} b. #include using namespace std; int main ( ){cout << “Newark is a city\n”;cout << “in New Jersey\n”; cout << “It is also a city\n” ; cout << “in Delaware\n” ; return 0;} c. #include using namespace std; int main() {cout << Reading a program\n”;cout << “is much easier\n” ; cout << “if a standard form for main is used\n” ; cout <<“and each statement is written\n”;cout << “on a line by itself\n” ; return 0;} d. #include using namespace std; int main ( ){ cout << “Every C++ program” ; cout <<“\nmust have one and only one” ; cout << “main function” ; cout << “\n The escape sequence of characters”) ; cout << “\nfor a newline can be placed anywhere” ; cout <<“\n in the message passed to cout” ; return 0;}

4. During each summer, John and Jessica grow vegetables in their backyard and buy seeds and fertilizer from a local nursery. The nursery carries different types of vegetable fertilizers in various bag sizes. When buying a particular fertilizer, they want to know the price of the fertilizer per pound and the cost of fertilizing per square foot. The following program prompts the user to enter the size of the fertilizer bag, in pounds, the cost of the bag, and the area, in square feet, that can be covered by the bag. The program should output the desired result. However, the program contains logic errors. Find and correct the logic errors so that the program works properly. // Logic errors. #include #include using namespace std; int main() { double costs double area; double bagsize; cout > bagsize; cout > cost; cout > area; cout << endl; cout << "The cost of the fertilizer per pound is: $" << bagsize / cost << endl; cout << "The cost of fertilizing per square foot is: $" << area / cost << endl; return 0; }