**Describe the benefits of using bacteria, yeast, mammalian, and insect cells to make recombinant protein.**Recombinant protein production is a fundamental process in biotechnology, allowing for the synthesis of proteins by inserting genes into host cells. Different systems, such as bacteria, yeast, mammalian, and insect cells, offer unique advantages:1. **Bacteria:** - Cost-effective and quick growth. - Well-established genetic manipulation techniques. - Suitable for producing large quantities of protein.2. **Yeast:** - Eukaryotic system capable of post-translational modifications. - Faster and less expensive than mammalian cell cultures. - Robust and scalable fermentation processes.3. **Mammalian Cells:** - Ideal for producing complex proteins with proper folding and post-translational modifications. - Essential for therapeutic proteins where human-like glycosylation is necessary. - High host specificity and reduced risk of immunogenic reactions.4. **Insect Cells:** - Versatile system offering post-translational modifications. - High expression levels of recombinant proteins. - Suitable for producing vaccines and protein complexes.**Explain why the β-galactosidase gene is made in two pieces with the α and Ω parts of the enzyme.**The β-galactosidase gene is often divided into two segments, α and Ω, to facilitate cloning and analysis. This configuration is known as α-complementation. By splitting the enzyme into two non-functional parts, when both fragments are expressed in the same cell, they can complement each other to restore full enzymatic activity. This technique is valuable in cloning for screening purposes because it allows easy identification of successful recombination events. When a functional β-galactosidase is produced, it can cleave substrates like X-gal, resulting in a visible color change that indicates successful cloning.

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Science

Biochemistry

Describe the benefits of using bacteria, yeast, mammalian and insect cells to make recombinant protein.

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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