Describe the applications and operation of an ultrasonic sonar sensor and a motor as used in robotics.

The Ultrasonic sonar sensor measures the distance for a certain range with accuracy. It is having a certain amount of power with an input trigger pulse and an output echo pulse with grounded. It also measures at a certain angle. for example, The HC-SR04 sonar sensor has an ultrasonic transmitter, an ultrasonic receiver, and a control circuit. Ultrasonic sensors sending Ultrasonic sound waves measure distance. These sensors work by sending a sound wave at a frequency above the range which humans can hear. The transducer in the sensor works like a microphone to send and receive the ultrasonic sound. ultrasonic sensors, like others, use a transducer to send a pulse and to receive echo.  The sensor finds the distance by measuring the time between the sending and receiving of the ultrasonic pulse. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive pulses that take information about an object. High-frequency sound waves reflect from objects to produce echo patterns. The working of this ultrasonic is simple. It sends an ultrasonic pulse out at a certain frequency which travels through the air and if there is an obstacle, it will come back to the sensor.  By calculating the time to travel at a certain distance and the speed of sound, the distance can be found. Ultrasonic sensors are good for the detection of clear objects. For measurement of liquid level, applications that use infrared sensors, not able with this use because of the target to pass through. For detection of presence, ultrasonic sensors detect objects whichever the color, surface, or material (not the material which is very soft like wool, as it absorbs sound.)To detect transparent and other items where optical technologies not work, ultrasonic sensors are a reliable choice. A stepper motor is used for robotic because its movement contains discrete steps. It moves by an angle called the step angle in each step. A drive system will allow accurate control of the movement of a stepper motor so that it can be used in robotics.