Describe some ways animal viruses penetrate the host cell. What
is uncoating?
Viral infection causes stimulation of various specific and nonspecific types of immunity in the host. Depending upon how the virus interacts with host cells and how it spreads, the activation of different immune forms, functions, magnitude, and duration of immune response is decided. The virus can interact with the host in several ways such as being cytolytic, steady-state, latent, and/or integrated infection. The virus can spread through the body via different pathways including local(on surfaces such as mucosa), primary, and secondary hematogenous, or nervous system spread. The host has multiple immune defenses against viral infections including cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.
The entry of the virus into the host varies according to the type of virus particle and the enveloped viruses are found to be more complicated. The two main ways through which viral nucleic acid is introduced into the host cells includes-
- By Endocytosis- in endocytosis the cell membrane of the host encloses and engulfs the entire virus particle. This entry through endosomes ensures the opening of viral capsid and release of the viral nucleic acid by the activity of low pH as well as proteases.
- By Viral envelope fusion with the cell membrane of the host directly releasing the nucleic acid inside the host. This entry happens as a response to the cell-cell receptor and protein interactions of both the virus particle and the host cell present in appropriate proximity.
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
