Describe how lytic bacteriophages are released from their host cells.

Q: Define transfection.

A: A mutation is a change or alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of any organism.…

Q: How do bacteriophage and animal viruses multiply. Please explain in simple terms

A: Introduction Viruses frequently choose their hosts and the cells inside those hosts with great care.…

Q: How might a bacteriophage be used to treat bacterial infections in humans?

A: INTRODUCTION Bacteriophages These are the viruses that kills bacteria.

Q: Why are protease inhibitors an effective treatment forhuman AIDS?

A: HIV is a member of retrovirus family that is closely related to SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency virus)…

Q: How do bacteriophages benefit and harm human hosts?

A: Viruses are the obligate intracellular parasite. They always hijack the host cell machinery and they…

Q: The five stages of the bacteriophage lytic cycle occur in this order:a. penetration, attachment,…

A: A virus is a submicroscopic organism which contains genetic information either in the form of DNA…

Q: Give an example of a cytolytic exotoxin and a superantigenexotoxin, as well as the bacteria that…

A: Various microbial species are known to contaminate food and beverages and cause infections in the…

Q: Consider the phase variation of flagella in Salmonella. Describe the phenotype of a cell in which…

A: Understanding the genetic regulation of flagellar phase variation in bacteria, such as Salmonella,…

Q: Describe the process of viral reproduction.

A: Viral reproduction includes six stages: attachement, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly,…

Q: Explain how bacteria may have antiviral abilities.

A: The acellular microorganisms that require a cell called the host to replicate are known as viruses.…

Q: In your own words, explain how damage to the host cell's DNA can trigger latent bacteriophage to…

A: DNA:  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule made up of two polynucleotide chains that coil…

Q: Which type of phages can perform   generalized transduction?

A: Zinder and Lederberg in 1952 discovered Transduction in S.typhimurum. The phage which mediated DNA…

Q: Compare and contrast the lysogenic and lytic cycles of phage λ.

A: Phage lambda is a bacteriophage which infects E.coli bacteria. Bacteriophages are the viruses that…

Q: What stimulates the switch to the lytic pathway?

A: The bacteria that get infected by the viruses are known as bacteriophages. The virus inside the…

Q: When transmitting a virus to the next host, they usually talk about horizontal and vertical…

A: Virus -  it is the connective link between live and alive  And it is inactive outside the cell

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages to bacteriophages of the lytic and lysogenic rep

A: Bacteriophages : A type is a type of virus that infects bacteria . There are two types of…

Q: Describe in detail the kinetics of phage infection followed by host lysis in bacteria. with…

A: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. The term "bacteriophage" literally means "bacteria…

Q: What are bacteriophages, and what is unique about their structure?

A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…

Q: Describe the general features of viral architecture.

A: Viruses are microscopic infectious agents they are not cells so they lack nucleus cytoplasm and…

Q: ) O The bacteriophage can exit the lysogenic state depending on the condition of host c 3) O While…

A: Bacteriophage is a very very small virus that lives on the bacteria. it has two types of cycles the…

Q: Describe the classes of viruses based on theirgenomic characteristics. For each class, describe how…

A: Virome is a term used to define the total genome of viral population in a given population. Viral…

Q: What are bacteriophages?

A: The term bacteriophage has two components, bacteria and phage. Bacteria are unicellular and…

Q: Explain the connection between plaque formation and lytic bacteriophage.

A: Viruses are obligate parasites and multiply only inside the host cells.

Q: Describe the structure of influenza virus and its spikes.

A: Influenza virus, commonly known as the flu virus is responsible for the infections in the…

Q: Explain why drugs that effect bacterial ribosomes can be safely used in treating people.

A: Ribosomal subunits are the site of protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Some…

Q: how viruses can facilitate the exchange of genetic material between bacteria

A: There are two processes through which bacteria exchange genetic material-Horizontal gene transfer…

Q: Is a prion always pathogenic

A:

Q: What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages? In the lysogenic…

A: Bacteriophages are the viruses that are known to infect the bacteria. Once virus enters inside the…

Q: Explain how the types and different combinations of these genetic materials can affect the…

A: The genetic material of an infectious agent, such as a virus or a bacterium plays a crucial role in…

Q: Why are retroviruses so named? What is required to carry outthis process?

A: Retroviruses are the group of viruses that belong to the Retroviridae family and carry their genetic…

Q: What key features distinguish the lytic from the lysogenic cycle?

A: The bacteriophage is commonly known as phage, is a virus particle that infects and replicates within…

Q: Explain the Lytic replication cycle of a nonenveloped bacterial virus.

A: Viruses follow two types of the cycle in order to reproduce in the host cell: the lytic cycle and…

Q: Define bacteriorhodopsin.

A: Proteins are one of the biomolecules made up of amino acid units. They are large and complex…

Q: Bacteriophage T4 lacks its own RNA polymerase.How do T4 genes get expressed or converted to…

A: Bacteriophage T4  is a double stranded DNA genome that infects E.Coli bacteria. It is capable to…

Q: Describe the infective process of a bacteriophage as it attacks a cell.

A: The virus that infects bacteria is known as Bacteriophage. These bacteriophages infects host cell in…

Q: Compare the effect on the host cell of a lytic (virulent)phage and a lysogenic (temperate) phage.

A: Virus are obligate parasites. Viruses either contains DNA or RNA as genetic material and a protein…

Q: What part of the host cell is degraded after phage nucleic acid has entered a host cell?

A: Viruses are the obligate intracellular parasite. They always hijack the host cell machinery and they…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.