Describe affect hormones and ions have on heart

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
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Describe affect hormones and ions have on heart 

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The activity of the heart is regulated both by the nervous system and the endocrine system. The heart function is also influenced by some electrolytes (ions).

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Hormones increasing heart rate: Increased level of thyroid hormones, catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).

Ions increasing heart rate: High level of calcium and low level of potassium and sodium.

Hormones decreasing heart rate: The decreased level of thyroid hormones, catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).

Ions decreasing heart rate: Low level of calcium and high level of potassium and sodium.

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