Der silty sand layer and a gravelly sand layer. The A 20 m thick clay layer is sandwiched between a layer experiences 30 mm settlement in 2 years. Given 2 TU for U≤ 60% T₁ = 4 100 | 1.781-0.933 log10 (100-U) for U >60% Where T, is the time factor and U is the degree of consolidation in %. If the coefficient of consolidation of the layer is 0.003 cm²/s, the deposit will experience a total of 50 mm settlement in the next years.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.