dentify the statistical procedures that are appropriate for the data. When possible identify descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and a measure of effect size    There is some evidence suggesting that you are likely ton improve your test scores if you rethink and change answers on a multiple-choice item (Johnston, 1975). To examine this phenomenon, a teacher encouraged students to reconsider their answers before turning in exams. Students were asked to record their original answers and the changes that they made. When the exams were collected, the teacher found that 8 students improved their grades by changing answers only 7 students had lower grades with the changes. The teacher would like to know if this is a statistically significant result.

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.