Define and describe the absolute and relative refractory periods and how they affect the direction of the action potential and limit frequency of re-stimulation

Q: Explain the characteristics and purpose of the refractoryperiod.

A: Refractory period is the time during which a cell or an organ is not capable of repeating the same…

Q: Describe the steps involved in chemical neurotransmission involving acetylcholine starting with how…

A: The process of chemical neurotransmission involving acetylcholine begins with the synthesis of…

Q: Based on the graph, how soon could another action potential be easily initiated (at the end of the…

A: Nerve cells or muscle cells have a tendency to transmit impulses. The changes in the electrical…

Q: Explain how myelination of the axon results in saltatory conduction, and how this increases the…

A: Neurons are the basic umit of the nervous system and helps in control qnd coordination.

Q: What is the approximate magnitude of the IPSP (how many mV)?What is the approximate magnitude of the…

A: IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) and EPSP (Excitatory postsynaptic potential) are the action…

Q: The rising phase of the action potential is the direct result of the: O inflow of potassium O inflow…

A: A transient membrane potential reversal known as an action potential occurs when the membrane…

Q: The output from the hypothalamus and the other brain areas to the effectors is via?

A: The effectors can be described as the bodily organs, tissues, or muscles activated in response to…

Q: A graded potential (a) decreases with distance from the point of stimulation. (b) spreads passively…

A: Cell is the smallest structural and, functional unit of life. Cell has an outer covering which…

Q: How does the Action Potential Propagation occur?

A: The impulse generated at the axon hillock propagates as a wave on the axon.

Q: Describe the events involved in the generation and propagation of an action potential.

A: In neurophysiology, the term ‘action potential’ can be defined as a form of an electrical signal…

Q: Define the refractory period in the propagation of action potential in two sentences. Give its…

A: Introduction: The brief cascade of events in the membrane potential after excitation is termed…

Q: Indicate which gate is responsible for halting the rising phase of the action potential.  1- Na+…

A: Action potentials are the electrical impulses that are responsible for transmitting information…

Q: Explain the all-or-none law of action potentials, and describe the effect of increased stimulus…

A: In reaction to stimuli, the axon membrane permeability to and depends on the opening of gated…

Q: How do EPSPs and IPSPs affect the likelihood thatsummation will result in an action potential?

A: An action potential is a typical sequence of rapid increase and eventual decrease in voltage or…

Q: Describe how ion movement generates the action potential.

A: Action potentials can be defined as the nerve signals which are characterized by the sudden, fast,…

Q: starting with an axon that is maintaining a resting potential, describe the sequence of events that…

A: Answer: AXON = It is the part of the neuron , which is long, slender in structure , which conducts…

Q: What determines whether optogenetic stimulation excites a neuron or inhibits it?

A: The genetic technique in which the researcher can stimulate or terminate the neuron activity using…

Q: Define refractory period, and explain the difference between the absolute refractory period and…

A: Action potential of a nerve fibre is the active state of transmission of nerve signal from one…

Q: Define antagonistic effect

A: Maintaining homeostasis frequently expects conditions to be restricted to a narrow range. At the…

Q: The falling phase of the action potential is due to: O Nat influx through voltage-gated Nat…

A: During the rising phase of the action potential, there is a rapid influx of Na+ ions into the cell,…

Q: List the physiological events that occur between delivery of the stimulus and the start of the…

A: A stimulus can be defined as a change in the physical/chemical structure of the internal or external…

Q: Explain how an action potential is generated, propagated, and terminated in skeletal muscles (hint:…

A: The action potentials are basically the nerve signals that are generated by the neurones and…

Q: Describe the difference between the nerve and muscle in response to increasing stimulus voltage.

A: Introduction A nerve is a cable-like structure within the body composed of neurons that uses…

Q: In neurology, please explain the relationship between extraceullalar calcium concentration and post…

A: The biological mechanism through which a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse is…

Q: Discuss the role of Na* and K* channels in generating an action potential.

A: Action potential: a. It is a rapid change in the membrane potential in response to threshold stimuli…

Q: Name the antagonistic muscles that are inhibited by reciprocal innervation.

A: In the human body, the movements were described concerning the anatomical position of the body part.…

Q: Figure Ql shows the typical electrical recording of movement artifacts during the resting potential…

A: Neurons are the basic structures and functional units of the nervous system. The axon or the nerve…

Q: Describe the role of the potassium leak channel and the sodium- potassium pump in resting membranme…

A: The change in electric potential between the inside and outside of a biological cell is known as…

Q: Why there is a refractory period in the action potential?

A: Action potential occurs in a cell due to the rapid rise and fall of the membrane potential of the…