DATA Table Trial 1 Trail 2 Trial 3 Mass cleaning solution (g) 10.1 10.1 9.8 Mass vinegar added to reach endpoint (g) 12.6 14.3 12.2 Brand of household ammonia Wally Times scented ammonia Brand of distilled, white vinegar captain jacks special recipe Acidity of the distilled, white vinegar (marked on cotainer) 5.0% alysis: (Note: use factor-label analysis to help you with these calculations.) a. Calculate the moles of HC_H,0, added to reach the endpoint and record the value in the Analysis Table. To make this calculation, use the mass of vinegar added, the concentration of HC_H¸O, from the distilled vinegar bottle (e.g, 5% acidity » 5% HC,HO; by mass =5 g HC,H.O: / 100 g vinegar), and the molar mass of HC;H:O. b. Calculate the moles of NH, that was added to the container from the household cleaning solution and record the value in the Analysis Table. This calculation is based on the mole-to-mole ratio of HC_H,O, to NH, in the balanced reaction and the moles of HC:H O; needed to reach the titration endpoint (calculated in part a). NH,(ag) – HC,H,O,(ag) O NH,"(@9) + C,H,O,"(@g) c Calculate the mass of NH, that was added to the container from the housebold cleaning solution and record the value in the Analysis Table. Use the moles of NH, determined in part b and the molar mass of NH, to calculate this mass. d. Calculate the percent composition of NH, (by mass) in the household cleaning solution and record the value in the Analysis Table. Use the mass of NH, determined in part c and the mass of household cleaning solution added to the clear container. e. Calculate the average percent composition of NH, (by mass) in the household cleaning solution and record the value in the Analysis Table. Analysis Table Trial 1 Trail 2 Trial 3 Moles of HC,H,0, to reach endpoint Moles of NH, added to container Mass of NH, added to container (9) Percent composition NH, (m/m) in household cleaning solution Average Percent composition NH, (m/m) in household cleaning solution
Ideal and Real Gases
Ideal gases obey conditions of the general gas laws under all states of pressure and temperature. Ideal gases are also named perfect gases. The attributes of ideal gases are as follows,
Gas Laws
Gas laws describe the ways in which volume, temperature, pressure, and other conditions correlate when matter is in a gaseous state. The very first observations about the physical properties of gases was made by Robert Boyle in 1662. Later discoveries were made by Charles, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and others. Eventually, these observations were combined to produce the ideal gas law.
Gaseous State
It is well known that matter exists in different forms in our surroundings. There are five known states of matter, such as solids, gases, liquids, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The last two are known newly in the recent days. Thus, the detailed forms of matter studied are solids, gases and liquids. The best example of a substance that is present in different states is water. It is solid ice, gaseous vapor or steam and liquid water depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. This is due to the difference in the intermolecular forces and distances. The occurrence of three different phases is due to the difference in the two major forces, the force which tends to tightly hold molecules i.e., forces of attraction and the disruptive forces obtained from the thermal energy of molecules.
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