(d) Let x* = 1/2(2*), and what is the limit of x* as k 0? What is the order of converge for x?
Family of Curves
A family of curves is a group of curves that are each described by a parametrization in which one or more variables are parameters. In general, the parameters have more complexity on the assembly of the curve than an ordinary linear transformation. These families appear commonly in the solution of differential equations. When a constant of integration is added, it is normally modified algebraically until it no longer replicates a plain linear transformation. The order of a differential equation depends on how many uncertain variables appear in the corresponding curve. The order of the differential equation acquired is two if two unknown variables exist in an equation belonging to this family.
XZ Plane
In order to understand XZ plane, it's helpful to understand two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces. To plot a point on a plane, two numbers are needed, and these two numbers in the plane can be represented as an ordered pair (a,b) where a and b are real numbers and a is the horizontal coordinate and b is the vertical coordinate. This type of plane is called two-dimensional and it contains two perpendicular axes, the horizontal axis, and the vertical axis.
Euclidean Geometry
Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with flat surfaces like lines, angles, points, two-dimensional figures, etc. In Euclidean geometry, one studies the geometrical shapes that rely on different theorems and axioms. This (pure mathematics) geometry was introduced by the Greek mathematician Euclid, and that is why it is called Euclidean geometry. Euclid explained this in his book named 'elements'. Euclid's method in Euclidean geometry involves handling a small group of innately captivate axioms and incorporating many of these other propositions. The elements written by Euclid are the fundamentals for the study of geometry from a modern mathematical perspective. Elements comprise Euclidean theories, postulates, axioms, construction, and mathematical proofs of propositions.
Lines and Angles
In a two-dimensional plane, a line is simply a figure that joins two points. Usually, lines are used for presenting objects that are straight in shape and have minimal depth or width.
i just need part d and e
![2. Hint: you may need to use a calculator.
(a) Use the golden section method to find the minimizer of the function in Eq. (1) within interval
[1,3]. Estimate in advance how many iterations are needed so that the range is smaller than
0.2. Write down your procedure performed and the results in each step.
f(x) =
+x² – 4x?. ed
(b) Use the secant method to find a minimizer of the function in Eq. (1) with initial points x° = 1
and x' = 1.1. Write down the first five iterations, including the procedure performed and the
results obtained in each step.
(c) Use the steepest gradient descent method (a.k.a. gradient descent with exact line search) to
find the minimizer of
f(x1,x2) = x} +x3,
from an initial point (1, 1). Detail the procedure and the results in each iteration for the first three
iterations.
(d) Let x = 1/2(2*), and what is the limit of x as k → 00? What is the order of converge for xk?
(e) Let x E R" and f(x) = x' Qx – b' x where Q is a symmetric and positive definite matrix
and b is a n-dimensional vector. Suppose that we use the steepest gradient descent algorithm
(a.k.a. gradient descent with exact line search) to find the minimizer of f(x):
x*+! = x* - agVf(x)
where
arg min o (a) = f(x* - aVf(x*)).
Ok =
Write down the gradient Vf(x). Derive the expression of function or(a) specifically for f(x) =
x' Qx-b'x and simplify it if possible. Derive the solution to Eq. (2) and show that the resulting
a satisfies the following condition:
f(x*) +(1 – c)a&Vf(xt)" pk S f(x* + %Pk) < f(x*) +ca&Vf(x*)" pk
Pk:
with 0 <c< 1/2 and pk = -Vf(x*).](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F8b5fe447-7663-488f-852e-d9330f2a5ae5%2F2d6f8f76-63af-454a-b4f7-a9abe5e46a1b%2F8fgi576_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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