Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lungs is very challenging since MRI operates by exciting the protons in human tissue, and the lungs have a proton content that is one-fifth of the surrounding tissue. To alleviate this problem, MRI patients are dispensed hyperpolarized noble gases, which then increase the MRI signal within the cavity of the lungs by several orders of the nucleus, which we will study in a future chapter. magnitude, allowing for imaging of lung structure and ventilation. Hyperpolarization involves the spin characteristics Figure (a) Figure (b) Fig. (a) compares a conventional MRI to one in which hyperpolarized xenon gas has been inhaled by the patient (green portions of image). The hyperpolarized xenon shows that a portion of the right upper lobe is not properly ventilating (white arrow in Fig. (b)). A typical dose during this procedure consists of of 300 mL xenon-129 (molar mass 128.9 g/mol) and 700 ml of nitrogen gas (molar mass 28.0 g/mol) at atmospheric pressure. The temperature of the MRI facility is 16.0°C. (a) How many moles of each of the gases are present in the dose? ny. = mol mol (b) What is the change in internal energy of the dose as its temperature increases to 37.0°C within the lungs? (c) What are the rms speeds of the xenon atoms and nitrogen molecules in the patient's lungs? Vms, Xe Vrms, N2
Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lungs is very challenging since MRI operates by exciting the protons in human tissue, and the lungs have a proton content that is one-fifth of the surrounding tissue. To alleviate this problem, MRI patients are dispensed hyperpolarized noble gases, which then increase the MRI signal within the cavity of the lungs by several orders of the nucleus, which we will study in a future chapter. magnitude, allowing for imaging of lung structure and ventilation. Hyperpolarization involves the spin characteristics Figure (a) Figure (b) Fig. (a) compares a conventional MRI to one in which hyperpolarized xenon gas has been inhaled by the patient (green portions of image). The hyperpolarized xenon shows that a portion of the right upper lobe is not properly ventilating (white arrow in Fig. (b)). A typical dose during this procedure consists of of 300 mL xenon-129 (molar mass 128.9 g/mol) and 700 ml of nitrogen gas (molar mass 28.0 g/mol) at atmospheric pressure. The temperature of the MRI facility is 16.0°C. (a) How many moles of each of the gases are present in the dose? ny. = mol mol (b) What is the change in internal energy of the dose as its temperature increases to 37.0°C within the lungs? (c) What are the rms speeds of the xenon atoms and nitrogen molecules in the patient's lungs? Vms, Xe Vrms, N2
Chemistry
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Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Transcribed Image Text:Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lungs is very challenging since MRI operates by exciting the protons in human tissue, and the lungs have a proton content that is one-fifth of the surrounding tissue. To alleviate this problem, MRI
patients are dispensed hyperpolarized noble gases, which then increase the MRI signal within the cavity of the lungs by several orders of magnitude, allowing for imaging of lung structure and ventilation. Hyperpolarization involves the spin characteristics
of the nucleus, which we will study in a future chapter.
Figure (a)
Figure (b)
Fig. (a) compares a conventional MRI to one in which hyperpolarized xenon gas has been inhaled by the patient (green portions of image). The hyperpolarized xenon shows that a portion of the right upper lobe is not properly ventilating (white arrow in
Fig. (b)). A typical dose during this procedure consists of of 300 mL xenon-129 (molar mass 128.9 g/mol) and 700 ml of nitrogen gas (molar mass 28.0 g/mol) at atmospheric pressure. The temperature of the MRI facility is 16.0°C.
(a) How many moles of each of the gases are present in the dose?
nxe =
mol
mol
(b) What is the change in internal energy of the dose as its temperature increases to 37.0°C within the lungs?
(c) What are the rms speeds of the xenon atoms and nitrogen molecules in the patient's lungs?
Vms, Xe
=
Vrms, N2
Expert Solution
Step 1
Given,
Volume of xenon,
Volume of nitrogen,
Temperature, T
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