Control charts for X-bar and s are to be established on the Brinell hardness of hardened tool steel in kilograms per square millimeter. Data for subgroup sizes of 8 are shown below. Determine the trial central line and control limits for the X-bar and s charts. Assume that the out-of-control points have assignable causes. Calculate the revised limits and central line.

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.