Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
![**Select the single best answer.**
**Considering only electron density, will the following reaction occur?**
[Diagram of a chemical reaction]
- The diagram includes a molecule containing a carbonyl group (C=O) with a chlorine (Cl) attached, and it reacts with a methoxide ion (\(CH_3O^-\)).
**Options:**
- ○ yes
- ○ no
**Explanation:**
1. **Molecule Structure:**
- The first molecule depicted is an acyl chloride, characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) and a chlorine atom (Cl) attached to the carbon.
- The second reactant is the methoxide ion (\(CH_3O^-\)), which carries a negative charge indicative of higher electron density.
2. **Reaction Considerations:**
- Acyl chlorides are typically reactive due to the electrophilic nature of the carbonyl carbon, which can be attacked by nucleophiles.
- In this context, the methoxide ion acts as a nucleophile, driven by its high electron density.
Students are prompted to consider these electron density interactions when deciding whether this reaction is likely to occur.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F6e62fb53-bb5e-4a2c-94a6-48c0a4f81d7d%2F7bba9f3d-14cd-4350-bb93-6852b9b5f66a%2F68sc43_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![Select the single best answer.
By using only electron density arguments, determine whether the following reaction will occur:
[Image of a chemical reaction with a structural formula of a hydrocarbon and H₃O⁺]
Choices:
- ○ Yes
- ○ No](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F6e62fb53-bb5e-4a2c-94a6-48c0a4f81d7d%2F7bba9f3d-14cd-4350-bb93-6852b9b5f66a%2Ffaajeze_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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