Consider this schedule: T2:R(X), T2:W(X), T1:W(X), T1:R(Y), T1:W(Y), T2:Commit, T1:Commit Select the best correct answer about this schedule. a. Avoid cascading abort, Conflict-serializable and Serializable and Strict O b. Serializable c. Conflict-serializable and Serializable d. Avoid cascading abort, Conflict-serializable, Serializable Clear my choice
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- What is the difference between a binary semaphore and a counting semaphore? Question 9 options: A binary semaphore is used for mutual exclusion, while a counting semaphore is used for synchronization. A binary semaphore can only take two values, while a counting semaphore can take any positive integer value. There is no difference between a binary semaphore and a counting semaphore. A binary semaphore is used for synchronization, while a counting semaphore is used for mutual exclusion.blockchain is a collection ofrecords (called blocks), where each block links to the previous block using cryptography. Eachblock contains cryptographic hash, timestamp and data relevant to its application. Think ofit as a distributed ledger where instead of information being stored in a database it is storedon the blockchain. Some examples of solutions that use a blockchain at its core are:1. Cryptocurrencies (however, for this project you may NOT do a cryptocurrency)2. Smart contracts3. Trading4. Supply chain management5. Anti-counterfeiting6. Healthcare7. Domain names8. Proof of existence9. Voting10. and many others! Programming Language: Java The use of third-party libraries for primary functionally is strictly prohibited, however, third party libraries can be used for other functionality such as communications and visualisation (such as normal JavaFX, JFreeChart, GraphStream, JGraphT, Yworks, JUNG or JMonkey). The use of other data structures for auxiliary operations is…Part(a): What is a Deadlock? How it is detected? What are the necessary conditions for a deadlock to occur? Part(b): Suppose there are two resources available and the initial value of semaphore is set to 3.Consider a situation where P() and V() functions are called as follows. P(), P(), V(), V(), P(), P(), V(), P(), P(), V(), P(),P(),P(),V() Answer the following: 1. How many processes are sleeping on P ()?What is the value of semaphore? 2. How may processes have successfully completed their execution? 3. How many resources are available?
- You can use URLs to access information on the Web from within Java programmes. (uniform resource locators). MindSlave software programmers (working on their new NetPotato browser) want to maintain track of a potentially enormous bookmark list of frequently visited URLs. It would be ideal if they could have arbitrary access to the values saved in the list. Is a List a suitable data structure? (Tip: If not, why not?)You can use URLs to access information on the Web from Java programmes. (uniform resource locators). Programmers at MindSlave Software would like to manage a potentially sizable bookmark list of frequently visited URLs for their new NetPotato browser. They would find it most helpful if they had unrestricted access to the list's preserved values. Is a List the right kind of data structure? If not, why not? (Hint:1)In a social network, what access rights would you give to friends?What access rights would you give to the friends of your friends? How would your policy depend on the length of such a recommendation chain? 2)You are given a set of categories. Implement a lattice-based need-to-withhold policy where you selectively withdraw access rights from subjects.
- A file is encrypted by using an encryption function E and a key k. No other protection checks are made by the file system. If the user wishes to share the file with another user, he makes E and k available to the other user. Compare the above scheme for protecting files with a protection scheme using an access control list, on the basis of i) ease of granting access privileges to users or withdrawing them, and ii) granting different kinds of access privileges to the same file.MCQ: A set { P0, P1, Pn} of waiting processes must exist such that P0 is waiting for a resource held by P1, P1 is waiting for a resource held by P2, …, Pn-1 is waiting for a resource held by Pn, and Pn is waiting for a resource held by P0. This condition for deadlock is referred to as a. Hold and Wait b. Mutual Exclusion c. Circular Wait d. No PreemptionCryptographic Data ObjectsB has just received the following message, which represents a cryptographic data object:{({(KPbB)KPrS mod KPbS}K1,{|(NB, NA, {{({K2}KPbB, NS)}(G1)KPrA mod NA}K1, {|{({G3}(KPbA)KPrS mod KPbS, G2)}K1|}KPrB)|}KPrA)}KBSThe following explains various terms in this object and some of the abbreviations used:• {M}K represents the encryption of some message/data M using the key K• {|M|}K represents the digital signing of some message/data M using the key K• NX represents a nonce (i.e. a fresh and possibly random number used once only) generatedby X• KpbX represents the public part of the key pair presumably owned by X• KprX represents the private part of the key pair presumably owned by X• KAB represents a symmetric key shared between A and B• K (or K1, K2, K3 etc.) represents some arbitrary key with no assumptions about its scope• M represents some alphanumeric/textual message with no assumptions• G1, G2, G3 etc. are prime numbersWhich of the following sets of keys,…
- Consider the following encryption scheme for a block cipher (using the notationfrequently used in class).y1 = ek(x1), y2 = ek(x1 ⊕ x2), y3 = ek(x1 ⊕ x2 ⊕ x3), etc.a. Describe the corresponding decryption scheme.b. Can encryption and/or decryption be run in parallel for this scheme?c. Taking into account that the operation of XOR is cheap, determinewhether or not this scheme improves on ECB mode or notLinear Temporal Logic Suppose we have two users: A and B, and a single resource: console. Every now and then, both users would want to use the console. Since there is only once console, only one user can use it at a time. Suppose that we have the following atomic propositions for user A: A.request indicates that User A requests usage of the console, A.use indicates that User A is using the console, A.release indicates that User A releases the console. For User B, we also have similar propositions. Specify the following properties in LTL a. Mutual exclusion, i.e., only one user at a time can use the console. b. Finite time of usage, i.e., a user can use the console only for a finite amount of time. c. Absence of individual starvation, i.e., if a user wants to use the console, they eventually can. d. Absence of blocking, i.e., a user can always request to use the console. e. Alternating access, i.e., users must strictly alternate in using the console.Consider the following encryption scheme for a block cipher (using the notationfrequently used in class).y1 = ek(x1 ⊕ IV), y2 = ek(x2), y3 = ek(x3), etc.a. Suppose IV is a block consisting entirely of zeros. Which mode ofoperation does the described mode reduce to?b. Describe the corresponding decryption scheme.c. Can encryption and/or decryption be run in parallel for this scheme?