1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 3 Bonding: General Concepts 4 Molecular Structure And Orbitals 5 Stoichiometry 6 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 7 Chemical Energy 8 Gases 9 Liquids And Solids 10 Properties Of Solutions 11 Chemical Kinetics 12 Chemical Equilibrium 13 Acids And Bases 14 Acid- Base Equilibria 15 Solubility And Complex Lon Equilibria 16 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 17 Electrochemistry 18 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 19 The Representative Elements 20 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 21 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter16: Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define the following: a. spontaneous process b. entropy c. positional probability d. system e.... Problem 2RQ: What is the second law of thermodynamics? For any process, there are four possible sign combinations... Problem 3RQ Problem 4RQ Problem 5RQ Problem 6RQ: What is the standard free energy change, G, for a reaction? What is the standard free energy of... Problem 7RQ: If you calculate a value for G for a reaction using the values of Gf in Appendix 4 and get a... Problem 8RQ: Consider the equation G = G + RT ln(Q). What is the value of G for a reaction at equilibrium? What... Problem 9RQ: Even if G is negative, the reaction may not occur. Explain the interplay between the thermodynamics... Problem 10RQ Problem 1ALQ: For the process A(l) A(g), which direction is favored by changes in energy probability? Positional... Problem 2ALQ Problem 3ALQ: Gas A2 reacts with gas B2 to form gas AB at a constant temperature. The bond energy of AB is much... Problem 4ALQ Problem 5ALQ Problem 6ALQ Problem 7ALQ: Predict the sign of S for each of the following and explain. a. the evaporation of alcohol b. the... Problem 8ALQ: Is Ssurr favorable or unfavorable for exothermic reactions? Endothermic reactions? Explain. Problem 9ALQ: At 1 atm, liquid water is heated above 100C. For this process, which of the following choices (iiv)... Problem 10ALQ Problem 11Q: The synthesis of glucose directly from CO2 and H2O and the synthesis of proteins directly from amino... Problem 12Q: When the environment is contaminated by a toxic or potentially toxic substance (for example, from a... Problem 13Q: Entropy has been described as times arrow. Interpret this view of entropy. Problem 14Q Problem 15Q: A mixture of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas remains unreacted until it is exposed to ultraviolet... Problem 16Q: Consider the following potential energy plots: a. Rank the reactions from fastest to slowest and... Problem 17Q Problem 18Q: Given the following illustration, what can be said about the sign of S for the process of solid NaCl... Problem 19Q: The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is zero. In... Problem 20Q Problem 21Q Problem 22Q Problem 23Q: Monochloroethane (C2H5Cl) can be produced by the direct reaction of ethane gas (C2H6) with chlorine... Problem 24Q Problem 25E: Which of the following processes are spontaneous? a. Salt dissolves in H2O. b. A clear solution... Problem 26E: Which of the following processes are spontaneous? a. A house is built. b. A satellite is launched... Problem 27E Problem 28E: Consider the following illustration of six molecules of gas in a two-bulbed flask. a. What is the... Problem 29E: Consider the following energy levels, each capable of holding two particles: Draw all the possible... Problem 30E Problem 31E: Choose the substance with the larger positional probability in each case. a. 1 mole of H2 (at STP)... Problem 32E: Which of the following involve an increase in the entropy of the system? a. melting of a solid b.... Problem 33E: Predict the sign of Ssurr for the following processes. a. H2O(l) H2O(g) b. I2(g) I2(s) Problem 34E Problem 35E: Given the values of H and S, which of the following changes will be spontaneous at constant T and p?... Problem 36E: At what temperatures will the following processes be spontaneous? a. H = 18 kJ and S = 60. J/K b. H... Problem 37E: Ethanethiol (C2H5SH; also called ethyl mercaptan) is commonly added to natural gas to provide the... Problem 38E: For mercury, the enthalpy of vaporization is 58.51 kJ/mol and the entropy of vaporization is 92.92... Problem 39E: For ammonia (NH3), the enthalpy of fusion is 5.65 kJ/mol and the entropy of fusion is 28.9 J/K mol.... Problem 40E: The enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol is 38.7 kJ/mol at its boiling point (78C). Determine Ssys,... Problem 41E: Predict the sign of S for each of the following changes. Assume all equations are balanced. a. b. c.... Problem 42E Problem 43E Problem 44E: For each of the following pairs, which substance has the greater value of S? a. N2O (at 0 K) or He... Problem 45E: Predict the sign of S and then calculate S for each of the following reactions. a. 2H2S (g) + SO2(g)... Problem 46E: Predict the sign of S and then calculate S for each of the following reactions. a. H2(g) + 12O2(g) ... Problem 47E Problem 48E Problem 49E Problem 50E: Two crystalline forms of white phosphorus are known. Both forms contain P4 molecules, but the... Problem 51E: Consider the reaction 2O(g)O2(g) a. Predict the signs of H and S. b. Would the reaction be more... Problem 52E Problem 53E Problem 54E: The major industrial use of hydrogen is in the production of ammonia by the Haber process:... Problem 55E Problem 56E: At 100C and 1.00 atm, H = 40.6 kJ/mol for the vaporization of water. Estimate G for the vaporization... Problem 57E Problem 58E Problem 59E Problem 60E Problem 61E: Consider the reaction Fe2O3(s)+3H2(g)2Fe(s)+3H2O(g) a. Use Gf values in Appendix 4 to calculate G... Problem 62E: Consider the reaction 2POCl3(g)2PCl3(g)+O2(g) a. Calculate G for this reaction. The Gfvalues for... Problem 63E Problem 64E: Consider two reactions for the production of ethanol:... Problem 65E Problem 66E Problem 67E: Consider the reaction 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) For each of the following mixtures of reactants and products at... Problem 68E Problem 69E: One of the reactions that destroys ozone in the upper atmosphere is NO(g)+O3(g)NO2(g)+O2(g) Using... Problem 70E: Hydrogen sulfide can be removed from natural gas by the reaction 2H2S(g)+SO2(g)3S(s)+2H2O(g)... Problem 71E: Consider the following reaction at 25.0C: 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) The values of H and S are 58.03 kJ/mol and... Problem 72E: The standard free energies of formation and the standard enthalpies of formation at 298 K for... Problem 73E: Calculate G forH2O(g)+12O2(g)H2O2(g) at 600. K, using the following data:... Problem 74E: The Ostwald process for the commercial production of nitric acid involves three steps:... Problem 75E: Cells use the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated as ATP, as a source of energy.... Problem 76E: One reaction that occurs in human metabolism is For this reaction G= 14 kJ at 25c. a. Calculate K... Problem 77E Problem 78E: Consider the following reaction at 298 K: 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) An equilibrium mixture contains O2(g)... Problem 79E Problem 80E: The equilibrium constant K for the reaction 2CI(g)CI2(g) was measured as a function of temperature... Problem 81AE Problem 82AE: Some water is placed in a coffee-cup calorimeter. When 1.0 g of an ionic solid is added, the... Problem 83AE: Consider the following system at equilibrium at 25C: PCl3(g)+Cl(g)PCl5(g)G=92.50KJ What will happen... Problem 84AE: Calculate the entropy change for the vaporization of liquid methane and liquid hexane using the... Problem 85AE: As O2(l) is cooled at 1 atm, it freezes at 54.5 K to form solid I. At a lower temperature, solid I... Problem 86AE Problem 87AE: Using the following data, calculate the value of Ksp for Ba(NO3)2, one of the least soluble of the... Problem 88AE Problem 89AE: Carbon monoxide is toxic because it bonds much more strongly to the iron in hemoglobin (Hgb) than... Problem 90AE Problem 91AE Problem 92AE: Use the equation in Exercise 79 to determine H and S for the autoionization of water:... Problem 93AE: Consider the reaction Fe2O3(s)+3H2(g)2Fe(s)+3H2O(g) Assuming H and S do not depend on temperature,... Problem 94AE: Consider the following diagram of free energy (G) versus fraction of A reacted in terms of moles for... Problem 95CWP Problem 96CWP: For rubidium Hvapo=69.0KJ/mol at 686C, its boiling point. Calculate S, q, w, and E for the... Problem 97CWP: Given the thermodynamic data below, calculate S and Ssurr for the following reaction at 25C and 1... Problem 98CWP Problem 99CWP Problem 100CWP: Consider the dissociation of a weak acid HA (Ka = 4.5 103) in water: HA(aq)H+(aq)+A-(aq) Calculate... Problem 101CWP Problem 102CWP: The equilibrium constant for a certain reaction increases by a factor of 6.67 when the temperature... Problem 103CP: For the following reactions at constant pressure, predict if HE,HE,orH=E a. 2HF(g)H2(g)+F2(g) b.... Problem 104CP: The standard enthalpy of formation of H2O(l) at 298 K is 285.8 kJ/mol. Calculate the change in... Problem 105CP Problem 106CP: Liquid water at 25C is introduced into an evacuated, insulated vessel. Identify the signs of the... Problem 107CP: Using data from Appendix 4, calculate H, G, and K (at 298 K) for the production of ozone from... Problem 108CP Problem 109CP Problem 110CP Problem 111CP Problem 112CP Problem 113CP: If wet silver carbonate is dried in a stream of hot air. the air must have a certain concentration... Problem 114CP: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and benzene (C6H6) form ideal solutions. Consider an equimolar solution... Problem 115CP: Sodium chloride is added to water (at 25C) until it is saturated. Calculate the Cl concentration in... Problem 116CP Problem 117CP Problem 118IP Problem 119IP Problem 120IP Problem 121MP: Consider a sample containing 5.00 moles of a monatomic ideal gas that is taken from state A to state... Problem 122MP: Impure nickel, refined by smelting sulfide ores in a blast furnace, can be converted into metal from... Problem 1RQ: Define the following: a. spontaneous process b. entropy c. positional probability d. system e....
Related questions
Consider the reaction
H2(g) + C2H4(g) C2H6(9)
Using standard thermodynamic data at 298K, calculate the entropy change for the surroundings when 1.87 moles of H2(g) react at standard conditions.
Delta S surroundings
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J/K
Science that deals with the amount of energy transferred from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
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