Consider the problem of sending a binary message, 0 or 1, through a signal channel consisting of several stages, where the transmission through each stage is subject to a fixed probability of error a. Suppose that Xo = 0 is the signal that is sent and let X, be the signal that is received at the nth stage. Assume that {Xn} is a Markov chain with transition probabilities Poo = P11 = 1-a and P01 = P10 = a, where 0

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