Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
![VISUALIZATION Energy Diagram for Conversion of Cis-2-Butene to Trans-2-Butene
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Reactant
300
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E = 435 x 1021 J
100
Initial state
AE-7 X 10 J
-30°
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90°
120°
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180°
210°
Reaction progress (angle of twist)
Cis-2-butene is one of two forms of butene where the middle two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond. The other form is trans-2-butene. The conversion of the cis form to the trans form is slow at
room temperature, and the two forms represent two distinct compounds. Conversion of the cis to the trans form involves rotation about the C-C double bond, which requires a substantial amount of
energy on the molecular scale. Move the slider to observe the different conformations and their energies along the pathway of the conversion.
Potential Energy 1021 J](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F79aebaec-25e6-48b5-901e-6cb6827148d8%2Fec9cf9f0-be29-4937-9e89-437ae3d3ae3d%2Fdkdfgz7_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
![Consider the linkage between the two central C atoms in cis-2-butene. How many sigma bonds join these two C atoms?](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F79aebaec-25e6-48b5-901e-6cb6827148d8%2Fec9cf9f0-be29-4937-9e89-437ae3d3ae3d%2F4wdxfk_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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