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Consider the following MIPS instruction:  lw $t1, 4($t2) What is the ALUSrc control signal value: top or bottom? What is the MemtoReg control signal value: top or bottom? What is the PCSrc control signal value: top or bottom

Consider the following MIPS instruction:  lw $t1, 4($t2) What is the ALUSrc control signal value: top or bottom? What is the MemtoReg control signal value: top or bottom? What is the PCSrc control signal value: top or bottom

Database System Concepts
Database System Concepts
7th Edition
ISBN:9780078022159
Author:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
Publisher:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
Chapter1: Introduction
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Consider the following MIPS instruction:  lw $t1, 4($t2)

    1. What is the ALUSrc control signal value: top or bottom?
    2. What is the MemtoReg control signal value: top or bottom?
    3. What is the PCSrc control signal value: top or bottom?
The image depicts a simplified diagram of a MIPS processor architecture, illustrating the flow of data through its various components. Here is a detailed explanation: 1. **Program Counter (PC)**: - The PC is responsible for holding the address of the next instruction to be executed. 2. **Instruction Memory**: - This component reads the instruction from the address specified by the PC. - Outputs the instruction to be processed further. 3. **Registers**: - Contains the register file with two read ports and one write port. - `Read register 1` and `Read register 2` provide inputs for reading data from the registers. - `Write register` and `Write data` allow writing back data to a specified register. - Outputs `Read data 1` and `Read data 2` are fed into the ALU. 4. **Sign-extend**: - Extends a 16-bit immediate value from the instruction to a 32-bit value for further computations. 5. **ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)**: - Receives inputs from the multiplexers and performs specified arithmetic or logical operations. - Outputs the result along with a `Zero` flag indicating if the result is zero. 6. **Data Memory**: - Contains memory for read and write operations. - Takes the address from the ALU and writes data if `MemWrite` control signal is active. - Outputs read data if `MemRead` control signal is active. 7. **Multiplexers (Mux)**: - Direct data flow based on control signals: - **PCSrc Mux** determines the next address for the PC. - **ALUSrc Mux** chooses between a register value and an immediate value for the ALU. - **MemtoReg Mux** selects between ALU result and data memory output for writing to registers. 8. **Adders**: - Used to calculate the next instruction address and branch target address. - One adds a constant value of 4 to the PC. - The other processes the `Shift left 2` output and ALU result for branch calculations. 9. **Shift left 2**: - Shifts the sign-extended immediate value left by 2 bits for address calculation during branching. This processor design illustrates a basic single-cycle architecture, showing how instructions are fetched, decoded, and executed with
Transcribed Image Text:The image depicts a simplified diagram of a MIPS processor architecture, illustrating the flow of data through its various components. Here is a detailed explanation: 1. **Program Counter (PC)**: - The PC is responsible for holding the address of the next instruction to be executed. 2. **Instruction Memory**: - This component reads the instruction from the address specified by the PC. - Outputs the instruction to be processed further. 3. **Registers**: - Contains the register file with two read ports and one write port. - `Read register 1` and `Read register 2` provide inputs for reading data from the registers. - `Write register` and `Write data` allow writing back data to a specified register. - Outputs `Read data 1` and `Read data 2` are fed into the ALU. 4. **Sign-extend**: - Extends a 16-bit immediate value from the instruction to a 32-bit value for further computations. 5. **ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)**: - Receives inputs from the multiplexers and performs specified arithmetic or logical operations. - Outputs the result along with a `Zero` flag indicating if the result is zero. 6. **Data Memory**: - Contains memory for read and write operations. - Takes the address from the ALU and writes data if `MemWrite` control signal is active. - Outputs read data if `MemRead` control signal is active. 7. **Multiplexers (Mux)**: - Direct data flow based on control signals: - **PCSrc Mux** determines the next address for the PC. - **ALUSrc Mux** chooses between a register value and an immediate value for the ALU. - **MemtoReg Mux** selects between ALU result and data memory output for writing to registers. 8. **Adders**: - Used to calculate the next instruction address and branch target address. - One adds a constant value of 4 to the PC. - The other processes the `Shift left 2` output and ALU result for branch calculations. 9. **Shift left 2**: - Shifts the sign-extended immediate value left by 2 bits for address calculation during branching. This processor design illustrates a basic single-cycle architecture, showing how instructions are fetched, decoded, and executed with
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