Consider the following grammar G: S → ABC|AC|A|B A → a B B - bC|a C-cD D- dA Recall that a non-terminal A is useful if there is a derivation of a string of terminals starting from S in which A appears: S=* xA y=* w holds for some x and y which are sequences of terminals and non-terminals (possibly empty) and some w which is a sequence of terminals (possibly empty). For example, if there are only three rules S→ a A, A→ B and B → a , then A is useful because S = a A=a B= a a is a derivation of the sequence of terminals a a starting from S and in which A appears. If A is not useful, then we say that it is useless. Which of the following are the useless symbols of the grammar G above?

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Intelligent Machines

Machines that use artificial intelligence to learn from the environment and past experiences to perform better in the presence of variability and uncertainty are called intelligent machines. Intelligence develops according to environment and experience. It is human-like behavior. When the computer system or any programmed machine learns from the inputs and corresponding outputs, it can be called an intelligent machine.