Information (as provided on 2021 final exam) Earth-Sun mean distance: 149.598 x 10⁰ m Radius of Sun: 6.96 x 108 m Radius of Earth: 6371 x 10³ m Effective temperature of Sun: 5770 K Cross sectional area of a sphere: R²2 Surface area of a sphere: 4+R² Solid Angle: N = Area on sphere/R²; d£= sin0d0 dø Albedo of the Earth: A = 0.3 2hc² hc 25 (eXXT-1) Plank's constant: h = 6.626 × 10-34 Js Boltzmann's constant: k = Plank Function: B(1,T) = Speed of light: c = 3 × 108 m/s [ 1 cost dΩ Flux: F = 1.381 × 10-23 J/K Stephan-Boltzmann Law: F = Watts m². um. sr στ4 Watts m² Stephan's constant: o = 5.67 × 10-8 W m² K-4 Net flux upward or downward for isotropic radiation: F = πI Consider a simple climate model in which the Earth's atmosphere is represented as a single layer that is transparent to solar radiation but has an absorptivity of 0.8 in the infrared. The Earth's overall albedo is 0.3. a) Draw a diagram to illustrate the contributions to the radiation budget above the atmosphere and directly above the surface. b) Calculate the temperature of the ground in this model. c) Calculate the temperature of the atmosphere in this model. d) An increase in carbon dioxide causes the infrared absorptivity of the atmosphere to increase by 2.6 %. Calculate the resulting change in surface temperature.