Consider a bar of p-type silicon that is uniformly doped to a value of NA = 2 x 106 cm 3 at T 300K The applied electric field is zero Light is incident on the enu u he semiconductor as shown in figure 4. The steady-state concentration of excess carriers generated at z = 0 is S,(0) = Sn(0) 2 x 10cm 3 Assume the following parameters: 1200 cm? /V 8, H, = 400cm2/V-s, Tn10 's, Tp= 5 x 10 s, and n, = 10 "cm Light p type X=(0 Figurè 4 Side-illumination 6) What is the steady-state electron and hole concentrations at r=0? 2.02 x 10 cm and p 2 x 104 cm 3 22 n- 0.5 x 10 cm and p 2 x 101 3. n 2x 10" cm 3 and p 0.5 x 10 cm3 #2x 10 em and p 2.02 x 10

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KVL and KCL

KVL stands for Kirchhoff voltage law. KVL states that the total voltage drops around the loop in any closed electric circuit is equal to the sum of total voltage drop in the same closed loop.

Sign Convention

Science and technology incorporate some ideas and techniques of their own to understand a system skilfully and easily. These techniques are called conventions. For example: Sign conventions of mirrors are used to understand the phenomenon of reflection and refraction in an easier way.