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![4 Consider that a level of the memory hierarchry
has a hit rate of sO Memory requests take
10 ns to complcte if they hit in the level, and
memary requesta that mis in the level take
100 ns to complete. The average access time](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F29c94873-7405-416f-b0c7-317f29b94505%2Fa8a87d64-da98-42a6-b61a-e770282f3053%2Fc51p35v_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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- Consider a disk drive specifications. with the following 16 surfaces, 512 tracks/surface, 512 sectors/ track, 1 KB/sector, rotation speed 3000 rpm. The disk is operated in cycle stealing mode whereby whenever one byte word is ready it is sent to memory; similarly, for writing, the disk interface reads a 4 byte word from the memory in each DMA cycle. Memory cycle time is 40 nsec. The maximum percentage of time that the CPU gets blocked during DMA operation?SUBJECT: OPERATING SYSTEMa. We are given a system with 2 levels of cache, L1 and L2. The CPU directly interfaces to the L1 cache, which has a hit time of 1 ns and a hit rate of 0.4. On misses, the L1 accesses the L2 cache, which has an access time of 20 ns, and a hit rate of 0.8. If the L2 misses, it accesses the main memory, which has an access time of 100 ns. Determine the average memory access time, of the CPU to the memory hierarchy.b. A cache is inserted between the main memory, which is 32 MB, and the CPU. This cache can accomodate 64 blocks and each block can accomodate 128 words (2B per word). How many possible blocks can be stored in one cache block if it is a direct-mapped cache?
- In a timesharing OS we have the following cpu timeline for two tasks X and Y. The timeslice is 1s.Both tasks are available in the system at the same time t=9:00:00.000 and order of arrival is the obviousX followed by Y. (The decimals reflect milliseconds if they showup in an indicated time reference.) There are no other processes (tasks) in the system other than X,Y. 1234567890 XYXYX--YXY The time line 1 indicates that at t=9:00:00s task X starts its execution and when t=9:00:01s is reached task Y takes over. The time line 1 indicates the 'first second' and time line 0 indicates the 'tenth second' above.Task Y completes its execution at t=9:00:10s, the completion of the tenth second since X started its execution. Task X has completed its execution earlier. (a) What is the total number of context switches starting from prior to t=9:00:00s (e.g. t=8:59:59.999) through thecompletion of $Y$? answer is 16s (b) What is the turnaround time for Y? answer is 10s (c) What is…A swapping system eliminates holes by compaction.Assuming a random distribution of many holes and many data segments and a time to read or write a 32 bit memory word of 14 uses about how long does it take to compact 4 GB. For simplicity assume that word O is part of a hole and that the highest word in memory contains valid data(Practice) Although the total number of bytes varies from computer to computer, memory sizes of millions and billions of bytes are common. In computer language, the letter M representsthe number 1,048,576, which is 2 raised to the 20th power, and G represents 1,073,741,824, which is 2 raised to the 30th power. Therefore, a memory size of 4 MB is really 4 times 1,048,576 (4,194,304 bytes), and a memory size of 2 GB is really 2 times 1,073,741,824 (2,147,483,648 bytes). Using this information, calculate the actual number of bytes in the following: a. A memory containing 512 MB b. A memory consisting of 512 MB words, where each word consists of 2 bytes c. A memory consisting of 512 MB words, where each word consists of 4 bytes d. A thumb drive that specifies 2 GB e. A disk that specifies 4 GB f. A disk that specifies 8 GB
- Consider a demand-paged computer system where the degree of multiprogramming is currently fixed at seven. The system was recently measured to determine utilization of the CPU and the paging disk. Three alternative results are shown below. For each case, what is happening? Can the degree of multiprogramming be increased to increase the CPU utilization? Is the paging helping? Justify.a. CPU utilization 10 percent; disk utilization 95 percentb. CPU utilization 95 percent; disk utilization 1 percentc. CPU utilization 10 percent; disk utilization 5 percen- Consider 7 memory partitions of size 470 KB, 400 KB, 600 KB, 200 KB, 500 KB, 300 KB and 250 KB. These partitions need to be allocated to 6 processes of sizes 190 KB, 491 KB, 468 KB and 210 KB, 357 KB and 587 KB in that order. Perform the allocation of processes using- First Fit Algorithm Best Fit Algorithm Worst Fit Algorithm 470 KB 400 KB 600 KB 200 KB 500 KB 300 KB 250 KB (190 KL) P1 491 KB P2 468 KB P3 (210 KB P4 357 KB) P5 587 KL P6Disk I/O: Consider a magnetic disk with N cylinders rotating at a speed of R revolutions per minute. The sector size on the disk is constant. Requests for sectors arriving from the file system can be located anywhere on the disk with equal probability and the locations of the requested sectors are independent of each other. Under these assumptions, on average, over how many disk cylinders will the head have to seek to get from one requested sector to the next? • On average, once the head is positioned over the right cylinder, how long will it take before the head is positioned at the beginning of the right sector? • Say the disk (one platter) has 1000 cylinders and a sector size of 1024 bytes. The transfer time per sector is 0.1 milliseconds (i.e., the raw data rate is 10 Megabytes per second). The rotation speed is 7200 revolutions per minute. The time to seek over X cylinders is given by the formula 5 + X/100 milliseconds. Under the same assumptions above, what will the maximum…
- Two algorithms A and B report time complexities expressed by the functions n2and 2n, respectively. They are to be executed on a machine M that consumes 10–6 sto execute an instruction. What is the time taken by the algorithms to complete theirexecution on machine A for an input size of 50? If another machine N that is 10times faster than machine M is provided for the execution, what is the largest inputsize that can be handled by the two algorithms on machine N? What are yourobservations?Two algorithms A and B report time complexities expressed by the functions n2and 2n , respectively. They are to be executed on a machine M that consumes 10–6 s to execute an instruction. What is the time taken by the algorithms to complete their execution on machine A for an input size of 50? If another machine N that is 10 times faster than machine M is provided for the execution, what is the largest input size that can be handled by the two algorithms on machine N? What are yourobservations?Computer A has an overall CPI of 1.3 and can be run at a clock rate of 600MHz. Computer B has a CPI of 2.5 and can be run at a clock rate of 750 MHz. We have a particular program we wish to run. When compiled for computer A, this program has exactly 100,000 instructions. How many instructions would the program need to have when compiled for Computer B, in order for the two computers to have exactly the same execution time for this program? Please explain how to solve
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