Complete the table with respect to each structure. m Structure Planar? Completely Conjugated? # of Cyclic pi- electrons? Aromatic, Anti-Aromatic or Non- Aromatic?
Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
- Planarity:
In the first structure there is a carbanion present. The hybridization involved in carbanion is sp3. This will not have a planar structure.
In second structure there is 1 Oxygen atom present. Here, O atom is having sp3 hybridization. So, this will not have a planar structure.
- Completely conjugated:
First structure is completely conjugated where as second structure is not.
- Cyclic pi electrons :
In 1st structure there are 14 cyclic pi electrons are present.
In 2nd structure there are 10 cyclic pi electrons present.
- Aromaticity :
1 st structure follows:
(4n+2) pi electron rule where n is equal to 3. (4x3 +2) = 14 pi electrons.
Cyclic conjugated system.
Due to symmetry factor it is aromatic.
So it is aromatic.
2 nd structure is not a planar structure as it is having a sp3 hybridized Oxygen atom.
Cyclic Conjugation is not complete.
Does not follow Huckel's rule.
So it is non-aromatic.
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