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Complete the mechanism for the electrophilic addition when the alkene is treated with water in acid. HO: H30* b) Complete the structure of the carbocation intermediate by adding the missing positive charge. Use a curved arrow to show the attack of a) Use curved arrows to show the attack on the electrophilic hydrogen by the alkene. Select Draw Rings More Erase the water on the carbocation. Select Draw Rings More Erase H. H.

Complete the mechanism for the electrophilic addition when the alkene is treated with water in acid. HO: H30* b) Complete the structure of the carbocation intermediate by adding the missing positive charge. Use a curved arrow to show the attack of a) Use curved arrows to show the attack on the electrophilic hydrogen by the alkene. Select Draw Rings More Erase the water on the carbocation. Select Draw Rings More Erase H. H.

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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**Deprotonation of Alcohol Mechanism** **Step-by-Step Explanation:** 1. **Molecular Structures:** - The image depicts the deprotonation process of an alcohol molecule. 2. **Initial Structure:** - On the left, there is an alcohol molecule. It consists of a carbon skeleton with an -OH (hydroxyl) group attached. - The hydroxyl oxygen is shown with two lone pairs and a bond to a hydrogen atom. 3. **Curved Arrow Notation:** - Curved arrows are used to indicate the movement of electron pairs. In deprotonation, the electron pair from the oxygen-hydrogen bond moves to the oxygen atom, forming an oxygen anion and releasing a proton (H⁺). 4. **Final Products:** - The diagram on the right shows the products after deprotonation. - The alcohol molecule now has an oxygen anion (negatively charged oxygen) as the hydrogen from the hydroxyl group has been removed. - Additionally, a separate water molecule (H₂O) is depicted, indicating that the proton has formed this molecule. **Diagram Explanation:** - The transformation from the reactant to the products is visualized, highlighting the redistribution of electrons that leads to deprotonation. - The movement of electrons is pivotal in understanding the deprotonation mechanism, often illustrated by the curved arrows. This representation and explanation aim to clarify the fundamental concept of alcohol deprotonation in organic chemistry.
Transcribed Image Text:**Deprotonation of Alcohol Mechanism** **Step-by-Step Explanation:** 1. **Molecular Structures:** - The image depicts the deprotonation process of an alcohol molecule. 2. **Initial Structure:** - On the left, there is an alcohol molecule. It consists of a carbon skeleton with an -OH (hydroxyl) group attached. - The hydroxyl oxygen is shown with two lone pairs and a bond to a hydrogen atom. 3. **Curved Arrow Notation:** - Curved arrows are used to indicate the movement of electron pairs. In deprotonation, the electron pair from the oxygen-hydrogen bond moves to the oxygen atom, forming an oxygen anion and releasing a proton (H⁺). 4. **Final Products:** - The diagram on the right shows the products after deprotonation. - The alcohol molecule now has an oxygen anion (negatively charged oxygen) as the hydrogen from the hydroxyl group has been removed. - Additionally, a separate water molecule (H₂O) is depicted, indicating that the proton has formed this molecule. **Diagram Explanation:** - The transformation from the reactant to the products is visualized, highlighting the redistribution of electrons that leads to deprotonation. - The movement of electrons is pivotal in understanding the deprotonation mechanism, often illustrated by the curved arrows. This representation and explanation aim to clarify the fundamental concept of alcohol deprotonation in organic chemistry.
**Electrophilic Addition Mechanism: Alkenes with Water in Acid** This educational content describes the mechanism of electrophilic addition when an alkene reacts with water in the presence of acid. --- **Diagram Explanation:** 1. **Overall Reaction:** - The alkene reacts with hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) to form an alcohol. 2. **Step-by-Step Explanation:** a) **Initial Attack:** - **Reactants:** Alkene and hydronium ion (H₃O⁺). - **Mechanism:** Use curved arrows to represent the electron pairs. The double bond of the alkene attacks the electrophilic hydrogen of H₃O⁺. - **Result:** Formation of a carbocation intermediate and water (H₂O). b) **Carbocation Formation & Water Attack:** - **Intermediate:** A carbocation is formed. - **Diagram Instructions:** Complete the structure by adding a positive charge where needed. - **Mechanism:** Use a curved arrow to show the attack of a water molecule on the carbocation, leading to the formation of an oxonium ion. 3. **Final Stage:** - **Deprotonation:** The oxonium ion undergoes deprotonation to yield the final alcohol product. --- **Conclusion:** This mechanism highlights the steps involved in the electrophilic addition of water to an alkene in an acidic environment, showcasing the role of carbocation intermediates and subsequent attack by nucleophiles.
Transcribed Image Text:**Electrophilic Addition Mechanism: Alkenes with Water in Acid** This educational content describes the mechanism of electrophilic addition when an alkene reacts with water in the presence of acid. --- **Diagram Explanation:** 1. **Overall Reaction:** - The alkene reacts with hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) to form an alcohol. 2. **Step-by-Step Explanation:** a) **Initial Attack:** - **Reactants:** Alkene and hydronium ion (H₃O⁺). - **Mechanism:** Use curved arrows to represent the electron pairs. The double bond of the alkene attacks the electrophilic hydrogen of H₃O⁺. - **Result:** Formation of a carbocation intermediate and water (H₂O). b) **Carbocation Formation & Water Attack:** - **Intermediate:** A carbocation is formed. - **Diagram Instructions:** Complete the structure by adding a positive charge where needed. - **Mechanism:** Use a curved arrow to show the attack of a water molecule on the carbocation, leading to the formation of an oxonium ion. 3. **Final Stage:** - **Deprotonation:** The oxonium ion undergoes deprotonation to yield the final alcohol product. --- **Conclusion:** This mechanism highlights the steps involved in the electrophilic addition of water to an alkene in an acidic environment, showcasing the role of carbocation intermediates and subsequent attack by nucleophiles.
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