Coins A coin is to be tossed 36 times.a) What are the mean and standard deviation of thenumber of heads?b) Suppose the resulting number of heads is unusual,two standard deviations above the mean. How many“extra” heads were observed? c) If the coin were tossed 100 times, would you still con-sider the same number of extra heads unusual? Explain. d) In the 100 tosses, how many extra heads would youneed to observe in order to say the results were unusual? e) Explain how these results refute the “Law of Aver-ages” but confirm the Law of Large Numbers.

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Estimation

A new framework of data analysis where the new statistical methods are used for interpreting the results and analyzing the data is known as estimation in statistics.