The image depicts structural diagrams of four different chemical species, each indicating the presence of charges and specific bonds: 1. **Top Left Structure:** - A cyclohexene ring with an ethyl group attached. The ring contains a positive charge (+) indicating a carbocation adjacent to the double bond. 2. **Top Right Structure:** - A cyclohexene ring with an ethyl group, similar to the first structure but the positive charge is on a different carbon of the ring. 3. **Bottom Left Structure:** - A linear structure representing a carbonyl group (C=O) connected to a carbon backbone. A negative charge (-) is associated with the carbon atom connected directly to the carbonyl, indicating a carbanion. 4. **Bottom Right Structure:** - Similar to the bottom left, but with a different arrangement that highlights the position of the negative charge. The negative charge is present on the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl, similar to an enolate ion. These structures can represent intermediates or resonance forms commonly studied in organic chemistry, particularly in reactions involving carbocations and carbanions.
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
which of the pair is more stable, resonance structure if needed
Whenever two or more structure are possible for the description of a molecule,then it is said to be in resonance. Resonance may be present if there are alternate double bonds or +ve/-ve charge with double bond at alternate positions.
The molecules having resonance are more stable.
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