### Understanding Type I and Type II Errors in Ultra-Processed Food Consumption#### Example and Questions on Type I Error (False Positive)1f) Be sure to answer all questions here:Let’s say that you are concerned that your classmates are eating too much ultra-processed food compared to processed food. You asked your classmates to tell you how much ultra-processed food they each eat week, and you find that they eat a LOT of ultra-processed food and that the sugar levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the ultra-processed food than for processed food. You therefore advise your classmates to eat much more processed food and much less ultra-processed food.**Question**: What would be a Type I error (false positive) in this example? What are the implications of a false positive in this case? What can we do to lower the risk of a false positive?**Explanation**:- **Type I Error (False Positive)**: This occurs when you mistakenly conclude that there is a significant difference in sugar levels between ultra-processed and processed food when, in fact, there is no such difference.- **Implications**: Advising your classmates to switch from ultra-processed food to processed food based on an incorrect assumption might unnecessarily restrict their diet choices and cause them inconvenience without any real benefit.- **Lowering Risk**: To lower the risk of a false positive, you could increase the sample size, perform a more rigorous statistical analysis, or use stricter significance levels (e.g., p < 0.01 instead of p < 0.05).#### Example and Questions on Type II Error (False Negative)1g) Be sure to answer all questions here:Let’s say that you are concerned that your classmates are eating too much ultra-processed food compared to processed food. You asked your classmates to tell you how much ultra-processed food they each eat week, and you found that they eat a LOT of ultra-processed food but the sugar levels in ultra-processed food were not significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the ultra-processed food than for processed food. You therefore advise your classmates to eat as much ultra-processed food as they want.**Question**: What would be a Type II error (false negative) in this example? What are the implications of a false negative in this case? What can we do to lower the risk of a false negative?**Explanation**:- **

1f). A Type I error, or false positive, in this context would be concluding that ultra-processed…

Answered: cerned that your classmates are eating…

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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A researcher studying stress is interested in the blood pressure measurements of chief executive officers (CEOS) of major corporations. He has good reason to believe that the mean systolic blood pressure, u, of CEOS of major corporations is less than 130 mm Hg, which is the value reported in a possibly outdated journal article. He plans to perform a statistical test. He measures the systolic blood pressures of a random sample of CEOS of major corporations and finds the mean of the sample to be 120 mm Hg and the standard deviation of the sample to be 15 mm Hg. Based on this information, complete the parts below. (a) What are the null hypothesis H, and the alternative hypothesis H, that should be used for the test? H :0 O
A surplus store gives a scratch‑off ticket to 2000 customers as they leave with their groceries. Can we expect these customers’ average winnings to be close to the average winnings for the entire population of the scratch‑off ticket holders? Yes No This cannot be determined from the information given.
A researcher studying stress is interested in the blood pressure measurements of chief executive officers (CEOs) of major corporations. He has good reason to believe that the mean systolic blood pressure, μ, of CEOs of major corporations is different from 132 mm Hg, which is the value reported in a possibly outdated journal article. He plans to perform a statistical test. He measures the systolic blood pressures of a random sample of CEOs of major corporations and finds the mean of the sample to be 124 mm Hg and the standard deviation of the sample to be 20 mm Hg. Based on this information, complete the parts below. A. H0: H1: B. Suppose that the researcher decides to reject the null hypothesis. Would the research be making a type I or type II error?
A researcher gathered a sample of participants who volunteered for a studying of phobias. She measured anxiety level of participants as they viewed photos of spiders and again when they viewed puppies. Which statistical test is appropriate for this study and why?
Before every flight, the pilot must verify that the total weight of the load is less than the maximum allowable load for the aircraft. The aircraft can carry 40 passengers, and a flight has fuel and baggage that allows for a total passenger load of 6,250 lb. The pilot sees that the plane is full and all passengers are men. The aircraft will be overloaded if the mean weight of the passengers is greater than 6,250 lb / 40 = 163 lb. What is the possiblity that the aircraft is overloaded? Should the pilot take any action to correct an overloaded aircraft? Assume that the weights of men are normally distributed with a mean of 177.3 lb and a standard deviation of 39.3 The probability is approximately
Before every flight, the pilot must verify that the total weight of the load is less than the maximum allowable load for the aircraft. The aircraft can carry 42 passengers, and a flight has fuel and baggage that allows for a total passenger load of 7,056 lb. The pilot sees that the plane is full and all passengers are men. The aircraft will be overloaded if the mean weight of the passengers is greater than 7,056 lb42=168 lb. What is the probability that the aircraft is overloaded? Should the pilot take any action to correct for an overloaded aircraft? Assume that weights of men are normally distributed with a mean of 178.3 lb and a standard deviation of 36.8.
Does reading the Harry Potter books encourage tolerance? It depends. Italian fifth graders were (randomly) split into two groups. Half the students met with researchers and discussed passages from the Harry Potter books that handled prejudice, while the others talked about unrelated sections. *Data are fabricated but match actual results When determining whether or not the main effects and interactions were significant, for the sake of this assignment, let’s say that the difference between the calculated means/differences must be .7 or higher to be significant. Posttest attitudes toward immigration (7-pt scale) Discussed prejudice-related sections Discussed unrelated sections High identification w/ Harry 6.2 5.0 Low identification w/ Harry 4.2 4.4 Is there a main effect of identification? (calculate marginal means). Is there a main effect of section? (calculate marginal means). Is there an interaction effect? (calculate “difference of differences”)…
Suppose that Kim is a participant in a study that compares several coaching methods to see how they affect math Scholar Aptitude Test (SAT) scores. The grand mean of math SAT scores for all participants (My) in the study is 550. The group that Kim participated in had a mean math SAT score of 565. Kim’s individual score on the math SAT was 610. What was the estimate residual component (of Kim’s score, that is, the part of Kim’s score that was not related to the coaching method? (Both parts of this question call for specific numerical values as answers). What was that “effect” (ai) component of Kim's score? What pattern in grouped data would make SSwithin = 0? What pattern within data would make SSbetween = 0?
Before every flight, the pilot must verify that the total weight of the load is less than the maximum allowable load for the aircraft. The aircraft can carry 42 passengers, and a flight has fuel and baggage that allows for the total passenger load of 6,972lb. The pilot sees that the plane is full and all the passengers are men. The aircraft will be overloaded if the mean weight of the passengers is greater than 6,972lb/42=166lb. What is the probability that the aircraft is overloaded? Should the pilot take any action to correct for an overloaded aircraft? Assume that the weights of men are normally distributed with a mean of 176.9lb and a standard deviation of 37.7. THE probability is approximately. ? Round to four decimal places.

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