Carbon dioxide emissions have been linked to degradation of air quality. The following table lists some potential regulations targeting the amount of airborne carbon dioxide. For each policy listed, identify whether it is a command-and-control policy (regulation), tradable permit system, corrective subsidy, or corrective tax. Tradable Permit System Public Policy. The government charges factories $210 for every ton of carbon dioxide. they emit. The government orders every factory to adopt a new technology, which reduces carbon-dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The government limits total carbon-dioxide emissions by all factories to 280,000 tons per five years. Each individual factory is given the right to emit 240 tons of carbon dioxide, and factories may buy and sell these rights in a marketplace The government agrees to reimburse all factories that purchase new, emissions-reducing technology in order to provide cleaner air. Command-and- Control Policy Corrective Subsidy O O Corrective Tax

Carbon dioxide emissions have been linked to degradation of air quality. The following table lists some potential regulations targeting the amount of airborne carbon dioxide. For each policy listed, identify whether it is a command-and-control policy (regulation), tradable permit system, corrective subsidy, or corrective tax. Tradable Permit System Public Policy. The government charges factories $210 for every ton of carbon dioxide. they emit. The government orders every factory to adopt a new technology, which reduces carbon-dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The government limits total carbon-dioxide emissions by all factories to 280,000 tons per five years. Each individual factory is given the right to emit 240 tons of carbon dioxide, and factories may buy and sell these rights in a marketplace The government agrees to reimburse all factories that purchase new, emissions-reducing technology in order to provide cleaner air. Command-and- Control Policy Corrective Subsidy O O Corrective Tax

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

14th Edition

ISBN:9780190931919

Author:NEWNAN

Publisher:NEWNAN

Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QTC

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Which of the following statements about pollution taxes, cap and trade, or command-and-control standards is FALSE? a.) Pollution taxes strictly control the amount of pollution but leave marginal abatement costs to be determined by the market. Cap-and-trade programs strictly control marginal abatement costs but leave the actual amount of pollution to be determined by the overall level of economic activity. b.) Pollution taxes are unpopular in the U.S. because American companies tend to dislike taxes in general. However, pollution taxes offer firms some greater certainty about how large will be their marginal cost of abatement on the last unit of abatement they will need to do, if they are to minimize the costs they incur both for cleanup and for pollution taxes. c.) Both command-and-control pollution standards, and cap-and-trade programs, can effectively limit the total amount of pollution, but command and control will be least-cost only by accident. Usually,…
Carbon dioxide emissions have been linked to worsening climate conditions. The following table lists some possible public policies aimed at reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. For each policy listed, identify whether it is a command-and-control policy (regulation), tradable permit system, corrective subsidy, or corrective tax. Public Policy Command-and-Control Policy Tradable Permit System Corrective Subsidy Corrective Tax The government limits total carbon-dioxide emissions by all factories to 130,000 tons per decade. Each individual factory is given the right to emit 170 tons of carbon dioxide, and factories may buy and sell these rights in a marketplace. Trees take carbon dioxide out of the air and convert it to oxygen, so the government funds a tree-planting initiative by offering $480 to any citizen who plants a tree. The government orders every factory to adopt a new technology, which reduces…
Parks confer many external benefits on society: open space, trees that reduce pollution, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of parks is not equal to the socially optimal quantity. The following graph shows the demand for parks (their private value), the supply of parks (the private cost of producing them), and the social value of parks, including both the private value and external benefits. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimal quantity.
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The table below shows the quantities of gas demanded and supplied at different prices in a city where a tax of $0.50 per gallon is collected from sellers of gas. The marginal external cost of gas is constant at $1 per gallon. Price (S/gallon) Quantity (million gallons) Demanded Supplied 2.00 24 16 2.50 20 20 3.00 16 24 3.50 12 28 Question 10 Homework Answered Fill in the Blanks Type your answers in all of the blanks and submit In the scenario above, the marginal benefit received by gas consumers is $ the gas producers 2.50 marginal private cost (including the tax) is $ 2.50 the marginal social cost is $3 and the deadweight loss is $ million.
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Consider the market for steel. Suppose that a steel manufacturing plant dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the plant. Producing an additional ton of steel imposes a constant external cost of $245 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for steel. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $245 per ton. The market equilibrium quantity is _______ tons of steel, but the socially optimal quantity of steel production is _______ tons. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of steel, the government could impose a ___subsidy or tax______ of ______ per ton of steel.
The marginal cost of educating a college student is $2,000 a year. The table shows the marginal benefit schedule of a college education. The marginal external benefit of a college education is a constant $1,000 per student per year. There are no public colleges. If the government subsidizes colleges and sets the subsidy so that the efficient number of students enroll, what is the subsidy per student, how many students enroll, and what is the cost to taxpayers? The subsidy is $ per student and million students enroll. Students (millions per year) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 Marginal benefit (dollars per student per year) 5,000 3,000 2,000 1,500 1,200 1,000 800 500
In the market for a certain pesticide, the following equations represent the private demand and supply: Private Demand: QD = 160 - P Private Supply: QS = 4P The use of this pesticide has a negative externality that affects nearby ecosystems, which is not reflected in the market price. The external cost is estimated to be $5 per unit of pesticide. By how much is the pesticide overconsumed under perfect competition? A) 1 units B) 3 units C) 4 units D) 5 units E) none of the above
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Consider the market for bolts. Suppose that a hardware factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing an additional ton of bolts imposes a constant external cost of $90 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for bolts. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $90 per ton. PRICE (Dollars per ton of bolts 600 540 480 420 360 300 240 180 120 60 0 0 C ☐ 1 O ☐ 2 O 0 3 4 QUANTITY (Tons of bolts) 0 The market equilibrium quantity is O ☐ 5 Supply (Private Cost) Demand (Private Value) 6 7 Social Cost (?) ▼ tons of bolts, but the socially optimal quantity of bolt production is To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of bolts, the government could impose a $ per ton of bolts. tons. of