One of the most robust, fundamental “facts” of health economics is the SES and health gradient. a) Define the SES and health gradient. b) Give three ways in which the SES and health gradient is robust. c) Provide evidence that some of the gradient is correlational (i.e., give a potential confounder) and evidence that the gradient is in fact causal. d) i. Give an interpretation of Figure 1 below in layperson terms. ii. What pattern do you see for men vs women? iii. “The education and mortality gradient does not depend on healthcare spending or whether the country has universal healthcare.” Use Figure 1 to support or refute this claim. Figure 1: Education and Mortality among Adults over 40, U.S. and EuropeAustriaBelgiumBritainFinlandNorwaySwitzerlandUnited States0.911.11.2Hazard RatioMen Women1.31.41.5Notes: The bars represent the increase in annual mortality risk associated with having less than upper-secondaryeducation (compared with at least upper-secondary education). All hazard ratios are adjusted for age. TheSwiss sample is representative of only German-speaking regions of Switzerland, the British sample includesonly England and Wales. The estimates for European countries are drawn from Huisman et al. (2005), whilethose for the U.S. are from Cox proportional hazards regressions using the 1990 National Health InterviewSurvey (NHIS) with mortality follow-up until 2002. Section II provides further details on the NHIS sample.

Health economics is a branch of economics that studies the production and consumption of health and…

Answered: Define the SES and health gradient. b)…

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

14th Edition

ISBN:9780190931919

Author:NEWNAN

Publisher:NEWNAN

Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QTC

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Question

One of the most robust, fundamental “facts” of health economics is the SES and health gradient.

a) Define the SES and health gradient.
b) Give three ways in which the SES and health gradient is robust.
c) Provide evidence that some of the gradient is correlational (i.e., give a potential confounder) and evidence that the gradient is in fact causal.
d) i. Give an interpretation of Figure 1 below in layperson terms.
ii. What pattern do you see for men vs women?
iii. “The education and mortality gradient does not depend on healthcare spending or whether the country has universal healthcare.” Use Figure 1 to support or refute this claim.