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Can you help me understand figure 4.23 regarding Flagella and Cilia?

Can you help me understand figure 4.23 regarding Flagella and Cilia?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Can you help me understand figure 4.23 regarding Flagella and Cilia?

**Flagella Propel Cells, and Cilia Move Materials Over the Cell Surface** Flagella and **cilia** (singular, cilium) are elongated, slender, motile structures that extend from the cell surface. They are identical in structure except that cilia are usually shorter than flagella and occur on cells in greater numbers. Whip-like or oar-like movements of a flagellum propel a cell through a watery medium, and cilia move fluids over the cell surface. A bundle of microtubules extends from the base to the tip of a flagellum or cilium (Figure 4.22). In the bundle, a circle of nine double microtubules surrounds a central pair of single microtubules, forming the 9 + 2 complex. Dynein motor proteins slide the microtubules of the 9 + 2 complex over each other to produce the movements of a flagellum or cilium (Figure 4.23). Flagella and cilia arise from the centrioles. The barrel-shaped centrioles contain a bundle of microtubules similar to a... **Figure 4.23** Flagellar and ciliary beating patterns. The micrographs show a few human sperm, each with a flagellum (top), and cilia from the lining of an airway in the lungs (bottom). **Illustrations:** - **Flagella:** Beat in smooth, S-shaped waves that travel from base to tip. - **Cilia:** Beat in an oar-like power stroke (dark orange) followed by a recovery stroke (light orange). **Waving and Bending Mechanism:** - Waves and bends are produced by dynein motor proteins, which slide the microtubule doublets over each other. - Examination of a bent cilium or flagellum shows that the doublets extend farther toward the tip on the side toward the bend, confirming that the doublets slide as the shaft bends. - **Micrographs:** - Top image shows a scale bar of 10 μm depicting human sperm and flagella. - Bottom image shows a scale bar of 2 μm with cilia from lung airway lining. - **Diagram:** - Illustrates straight and bent cilia with links and bends labeled for clarity. **Source:** © Cengage Learning 2017 _Unit One: Molecules and Cells_ (Page 94)
Transcribed Image Text:**Flagella Propel Cells, and Cilia Move Materials Over the Cell Surface** Flagella and **cilia** (singular, cilium) are elongated, slender, motile structures that extend from the cell surface. They are identical in structure except that cilia are usually shorter than flagella and occur on cells in greater numbers. Whip-like or oar-like movements of a flagellum propel a cell through a watery medium, and cilia move fluids over the cell surface. A bundle of microtubules extends from the base to the tip of a flagellum or cilium (Figure 4.22). In the bundle, a circle of nine double microtubules surrounds a central pair of single microtubules, forming the 9 + 2 complex. Dynein motor proteins slide the microtubules of the 9 + 2 complex over each other to produce the movements of a flagellum or cilium (Figure 4.23). Flagella and cilia arise from the centrioles. The barrel-shaped centrioles contain a bundle of microtubules similar to a... **Figure 4.23** Flagellar and ciliary beating patterns. The micrographs show a few human sperm, each with a flagellum (top), and cilia from the lining of an airway in the lungs (bottom). **Illustrations:** - **Flagella:** Beat in smooth, S-shaped waves that travel from base to tip. - **Cilia:** Beat in an oar-like power stroke (dark orange) followed by a recovery stroke (light orange). **Waving and Bending Mechanism:** - Waves and bends are produced by dynein motor proteins, which slide the microtubule doublets over each other. - Examination of a bent cilium or flagellum shows that the doublets extend farther toward the tip on the side toward the bend, confirming that the doublets slide as the shaft bends. - **Micrographs:** - Top image shows a scale bar of 10 μm depicting human sperm and flagella. - Bottom image shows a scale bar of 2 μm with cilia from lung airway lining. - **Diagram:** - Illustrates straight and bent cilia with links and bends labeled for clarity. **Source:** © Cengage Learning 2017 _Unit One: Molecules and Cells_ (Page 94)
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