Give a valid modus ponus argument to Is Cornell research ethical? And explain the conclusion and present the premises 8:4415 years of records related to the Haiti couples re-search shows that it has received scant scrutiny fromGovernment officials in Washington.And the Government's rules barely address themoral ambiguities of AIDS research in indigentcountries....Dr. Warren D. Johnson, the chief of interna-tional medicine and infectious diseases at Cornell,called the couples study "a very high priority,"though he said it had been temporarily suspendedwhile the university concentrated on other researchin Haiti. "This is the critical group in the world-couples-that's where the war is to be fought,"he said.At least 97 couples have been enrolled in theblood study since 1991, records show, but Dr. Johnsonsaid only 30 couples are still being followed. Thestudy will be expanded to new couples early nextyear, he said, and coordinated with AIDS vaccinetrials, which are expected to start in Haiti this fallusing similar couples as subjects.Cornell's clinic in Haiti offers strong induce-ments to subjects. It is the only center in the countryproviding free screening and treatment for H.I.V.,venereal disease, and tuberculosis, a common com-plication of AIDS. The thousands who flock to it aretoo poor to buy food, let alone the simple medicinesand vitamins that serve as "a powerful incentive forstudy participation," in the words of one Cornellgrant report.The head of the clinic, Dr. Jean William Pape,is a Haiti native and Cornell professor who hasstudied AIDS in Haiti for two decades. Dr. Pape,who trained at Cornell, defended the treatmentof research subjects in the couples study, sayingthey benefited from the same counseling andfree condoms available to everyone who visits theclinic.Dr. Pape said that offering the life-saving drugsto the handful of research subjects would be anunethical lure to participate. Treating all H.I.V.infected citizens, he said, would cost 10 times Haiti'shealth budget.If the research on couples succeeds, he said, itcould help lead to a vaccine against AIDS. "You haveto take into account people who mean well for theircountry and not impose on them things that you feelare good for Western ideas," he said....5G 25The Haitians were valuable for another reason.Unlike AIDS patients in the United States andEurope, they were not receiving the anti-retroviraldrugs that proved effective in halting the disease'sprogress.The lack of those drugs "may allow identificationof novel findings not easily studied in the U.S.A.,"Dr. John L. Ho, a Cornell immunologist, wrote in anapplication for Federal funds. In 1995, the FederalGovernment awarded Cornell an extra $60,000 toexpand this part of the Haitian couples study.Ethical standards for Federally financed studiesrequire that patients be told why researchers wantto study them. But the written consent form ap-proved at Cornell and read aloud in Creole to eachpotential subject does not mention that the studyfocuses on couples in which one sexual partner hastested positive for H.L.V.The form tells subjects their blood is being testedbecause "you live in an area where AIDS may becommon." It promises all patients that H.I.V. testresults will be kept confidential....After reviewing clinic materials, Marie SaintCyr, a native of Haiti who now directs an AIDS pro-gram for women in Harlem, said there was a "clearconflict of interest" between the desire to collect in-formation from research subjects and the obligationto effectively warn patients at risk."If you know somebody is positive and is havingsex with a partner who is negative, you have a lifeand death situation in front of you," she said. "Youhave to do individualized counseling to really tapinto what those people value in life, to confrontthem with the reality of H.I.V. and AIDS. This in noway addresses those serious things."*Is the Cornell research ethical? Should subjects in thestudy get the same AIDS treatment available topeople in the United States? Should the researchersprovide stronger warnings to subjects about the dan-gers of not using condoms? Is the informed consentprocess morally acceptable? Explain your answers."Nina Bernstein, "Strings Attached: For Subjects in HaitiStudy, Free AIDS Care Has a Price," New York Times,6 June 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/pages/health(6 March 2008).X 8:43using children in placebo-controlled trials. Wouldthat fact outweigh any objections to such trials?Give reasons for your answers."Alexis Jetter, "Efforts to Test Drugs on Children HastenDrive for Research Guidelines," New York Times,12 September 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/12/science/12ETHI.html (6 March 2008).CASE 2Research and MedicineCollide in Haiti(New York Times)-The impoverished patients whostep from the dirt sidewalk into the modern AIDSresearch clinic run by Cornell Medical College inPort-au-Prince, Haiti, are offered a seeminglysimple arrangement."We would like to test your blood because youlive in an area where AIDS may be common," theEnglish version of the clinic's consent form reads."We will provide you with medicine if you fall sickand cannot afford such care."But the transaction is not as straightforwardas it sounds. Many Haitians who visit the clinicare at once patients and subjects of United States-financed medical research, and circumstances thatare bad for their health are sometimes best for re-search results.That conflict is especially true in Cornell's mosttantalizing research in Haiti, a study of sex part-ners, only one of whom is infected with the AIDSvirus. Researchers, seeking clues to developing avaccine, study the blood of both partners, particu-larly the uninfected ones who continue to be ex-posed to the virus through unprotected sex. Theyare trying to find out whether some people havenatural protections against infection with the AIDSvirus that could be replicated in a vaccine.The Haitians are ideal research subjects, largelybecause they are not receiving the kind of care nowstandard in the world's developed countries. Condomuse is low in Haiti, for cultural and other reasons. Anti-retroviral drugs that are successful at suppressing5G 25Chapter 6: Human Research 287the virus are unavailable except to the very wealthy,and are not included in Cornell's promise to providemedicine.Nearly 20 years after Cornell opened the clinic,it provides some of the best AIDS treatment avail-able in a country devastated by the epidemic, fight-ing the myriad illnesses that result from AIDS. Butthat is a lower standard of care than patients receiveroutinely at American institutions, including thehospital affiliated with Cornell in New York City.If the research were done in the United States,experts agree, the physicians would be obligated toprescribe the anti-retrovirals and deliver the most.effective possible counseling against unprotected sex.The ethical questions posed by Cornell's workamong Haiti's poor are at the heart of a global debateabout AIDS research that is roiling internationalhealth organizations from Geneva to Thailand, chal-lenging ethics formulations established decades ago."It's really like a Faustian bargain," said MarcFleisher, a member of the committee at Cornell thatreviews research on humans. "It's like, since we'remaking this a better place, we're going to exploit itin a way we could never get away with in the UnitedStates," said Mr. Fleisher, the outside member on aboard made up mostly of university employees whoare doctors.Cornell doctors defended the couples study asvitally important and stressed that its subjects re-ceive the same counseling about the dangers ofAIDS and the same care as other patients at theHaitian clinic.United States standards for research on humanswere strongly influenced by outrage over the Tuske-gee syphilis study earlier this century, which misledimpoverished black subjects for years while track-ing their disease, and withheld treatment even afterpenicillin was discovered.Today's subjects are not to be pressured to par-ticipate in research, according to Federal regula-tions. They are to be fully informed about theresearch's purposes and risks. They must receivethe best available therapy for their illnesses and betold about any findings relevant to their health.In theory, the same rules apply to federally fi-nanced studies overseas. But an examination ofX

Sociology is a social science that involves the study of society, individual behaviour and societal…

Answered: Give a valid modus ponus argument to Is…

Social Psychology (10th Edition)

10th Edition

ISBN:9780134641287

Author:Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers

Publisher:Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers

Chapter1: Introducing Social Psychology

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ1

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