Calculate the total width of a pavement on a horizontal curve for a new national highway to be aligned along a rolling terrain having ruling design speed of 80 kmph with a ruling minimum radius. Assume necessary data. b) A valley curve is formed by a descending gradient of 1 in 40 which meets an ascending gradient 1 in 30. Design the total length of valley curve if the design speed is 100 kmph so as to fulfil both comfort condition and head light sight distance for night driving, after calculating the SSD required. Also find the position of the lowest point of the valley curve to locate a culvert. Evaluate bo

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.