Bone- Muscle100°30 cm4 cm40 cm(A)(B)FIGURE 1.12 (A) Weight held in hand. (B) A simplified drawing of (A).The dimensions shown in Fig. 1.12 are reasonable for a human arm, but theywill, of course, vary from person to person. The weight pulls the arm downward.Therefore, the muscle force acting on the lower arm must be in the up direction.Accordingly, the prime active muscle is the biceps. The position of the upperarm is fixed at the shoulder by the action of the shoulder muscles. We will cal-culate, under the conditions of equilibrium, the pulling force Fm exerted by thebiceps muscle and the direction and magnitude of the reaction force F, at thefulcrum (the joint). The calculations will be performed by consideringthe arm position as a Class 3 lever, as shown in Fig. 1.13. The x- and y-axesare as shown in Fig. 1.13. The direction of the reaction force F, shown is aguess. The exact answer will be provided by the calculations.In this problem we have three unknown quantities: the muscle force Fm,the reaction force at the fulcrum F,, and the angle, or direction, of this force p. 5. Calculate the force applied by the biceps and the reaction force (F,) atthe joint as a result of a 14-kg weight held in hand when the elbow is at(a) 160° and (b) 60°. Dimensions are as in Fig. 1.12.Assume that the upper part of the arm remains fixed as in Fig. 1.12Note that under these conditionsthe lower part of the arm is no longer horizontal.

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